108 
COLEOPTEEA. 
of companions and food. In the daytime it keeps at rest 
among the leaves of the plants which it devours. 
The trees and shrubs principally attacked by this borer 
are the apple-tree, the quince, mountain ash, hawthorn and 
other thorn bushes, the June-berry or shad-bush, and other 
kinds of Amelanchier and Aronia. Our native thorns and 
Aronias are its natural food; for I have discovered the larvae 
in the stems of these shrubs, and have repeatedly found the 
beetles upon them, eating the leaves, in June and July. It is 
in these months that the eggs are deposited, being laid u[)on 
the bark near the root, during the night. The larvae hatched 
therefrom are fleshy whitish grubs, nearly cylindrical, and 
tapering a little from the first ring to the end of the body. 
(Plate II. Fig. 17.) The head is small, horny, and brown; 
the first ring is much larger than the others, the next two are 
very short, and, with the first, are covered with punctures 
and very minute hairs; the following rings, to the tenth 
inclusive, are each furnished, on the upper and under side, 
with two fleshy warts situated close together, and destitute 
of the little rasp-like teeth, that are usually found on the 
grubs of the other Capricorn-beetles; the eleventh and twelfth 
rings are very short; no appearance of legs can be seen, 
even with a magnifying glass of high power. 
The grub, with its strong jaws, cuts a cylindrical passage 
through the bark, and pushes its castings backwards out of 
the hole from time to time, while it bores upwards into the 
wood. The larva state continues two or three years, during 
which the borer will be found to have penetrated eight or ten 
inches upwards in the trunk of the tree, its burrow at the 
end approaching to, and being covered only by, the bark. 
Here its transformation takes place. The pupa does not 
differ much from other pupae of beetles; but it has a trans¬ 
verse row of minute prickles on each of the rings of the 
back, and several at the tip of the abdomen. These prob¬ 
ably assist the insect in its movements, when casting off its 
pupa-skin. The final change occurs about the first of June, 
