142 
ORTHOPTERA. 
result of his observations intelligible and useful to the com¬ 
munity. 
The insects which I here call locusts, together with other 
grasshoppers, earwigs, crickets, spectres or walking-sticks, 
and walking-leaves, soothsayers, cockroaches, &c., belong to 
an order called Orthoptera, literally straight wings ; for 
their wings, when not in use, are folded lengthwise in narrow 
plaits like a fan, and are laid straight along the top or sides 
of the back. They are also covered by a pair of thicker 
wing-like members, which, in the locusts and grasshoppers, 
are long: and narrow, and lie leno-thwise on the sides of the 
body, sloping outwards on each side like the roof of a house; 
in the cockroaches, these upper wings or wing-covers are 
broader, almost oval, and lie horizontally on the top of the 
back, overlapping on their inner edges; and in the crickets, 
the wing-covers, when closed, are placed like those of cock¬ 
roaches, but have a narrow outer border, which is folded 
perpendicularly downwards so as to cover the sides of the 
body also. 
All the Orthopterous insects are provided with transverse¬ 
ly movable jaws, more or less like those of beetles, but they 
do not undergo a complete transformation in coming to ma¬ 
turity. The young, in fact, often present a close resemblance 
to the adult insects in form, and differ from them chiefly in 
wanting wings. They move about and feed precisely like 
their parents, but change their skins repeatedly before they 
come to their full size. The second stage in the progress 
of the Orthopterous insects to maturity is not, like that of 
beetles, a state of inactivity and rest, in which the insect loses 
the grub-like or larva form which it had when hatched from 
the egg, and becomes a pupa or chrysalis^ more nearly resem¬ 
bling the form of a beetle, but soft, whitish, and with its un¬ 
developed wings and limbs incased in a thin transparent skin 
wliich impedes all motion. On the contrary, the Orthoptera 
in the pupa state do not differ from the young and from the 
old insects, except in having the rudiments of wings and 
