208 
SOUTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY 
of the Andean geosyncline lying mostly to the eastward of the 
present divide of the Eastern Andes thus clearly indicating 
that the Eastern Andes of Bolivia, at least, were not elevated until 
post-Cretacic time. Nowhere in South America are there any 
known deposits of the closing stages of the Late Cretacic Period 
(Maestrichtian and Danian) ; and we conclude from this that the 
Late Cretacic sea probably reached its maximum during the 
Emscherian stage, after which it commenced a withdrawal, and the 
region as a whole has been above sea-level from that time to the 
present. There are extensive continental Cretacic deposits (Va¬ 
riegated sandstone) in Patagonia, and some provisionally deter¬ 
mined areas in Brazil, as well as a slight transgression of the At¬ 
lantic in Bahia, Pernambuco, and Rio Grande do Norte, in Brazil. 
If the work of the late F. Kurtz is reliable, a land-connection 
with North America is indicated by the invasion of South Amer¬ 
ica so far as northern Argentina by the terrestrial flora of North 
American Late Cretacic types.^ A similar land-connection with 
Antarctica is clearly indicated by both the Late Cretacic and Early 
Tertic floras of southern South America and Graham Land. This 
emergent phase continued throughout the greater part of the 
Eocene as a land condition both in Panama and beyond Cape 
Horn. According to Stanton Vaughan and my own obser¬ 
vations, there was no interoceanic connection between the Carib¬ 
bean Sea and the Pacific Ocean during the interval from Jurassic 
to middle Eocene times. 
Marginal marine Eocene beds are present in Trinidad, at a few 
scattered localities in Colombia, in eastern Brazil (Bahia, Rio 
Grande de Norte), and in northern Peru; and there is an exten¬ 
sive Atlantic transgxession in southern Argentina — the San 
Jorge, or Roca, transgression. The Peruvian Eocene beds have 
furnished Vaughan with a coral which suggests an age as early 
as the Wilcox formations. My own collections, and a perusal of 
the forms recently figured by Henry Woods, suggest an age for 
these Peruvian deposits not earlier than Lutetian or middle Eocene 
(Claiborne). This conforms with the geological history of Pana¬ 
ma, and is strengthened by the strong Atlantic affinities of the 
8 Berry, E. W., this journal, Vol. XXXVII, pp. 241-242, 1922. 
9 See Berry, E. W., Science, N. S., Vol. XXIII, pp. 509-510, 1906. 
10 Bull. Geol. Soc. America, Vol. XXIX, pp. 601-606, 1918. 
11 Proc. Pan-Pac. Sci. Conf., pt. 3, p. 838, 1921. 
