366 
GLACIAL BORDER OF SPOKANE 
ciation, or is connected with the Wisconsin glaciation, the present 
known facts do not warrant positive assertion. The moraine 
traced by Black welder and Gary in 1903 from the mouth of the 
Spokane River northward to near Colville and southeastward to 
the Idaho line, near Newport, may have been the farthest advance 
of the Wisconsin ice from this direction. There is an abundance 
of evidence to support Campbell in his belief that a glacier reached 
Spokane from the east. The relations of the river terraces to 
the Glacial gravels are such as to discourage hasty judgments. 
The writer has recently been working on a moraine wholly within 
the city of Spokane, which belongs to the Little Spokane Valley 
glaciation. It seems to promise some solution to the problems 
' mentioned in the precediug paragraph. This moraine is a frag¬ 
ment of some moraine from the north. It apparently was pro¬ 
duced by an ice-lobe which crossed the Spokane Valley after the 
erosion which drained Lake Spokane and cleared the valley of the 
greater part of the material left by the Great Glacier. It reached 
the south wall of the valley at a level considerably below the 2500 
foot level; and in many places appears to have been stopped by 
the vertical basalt cliff which in places forms this wall. Where 
the basalt is less steep it ascended and pushed a short distance 
south leaving thin lobes of morainie material. South and east of 
Lincoln Park a considerable lobe pushed into a basin in the basalt 
and a great amount of outwash sand and gravel partially filled 
this basin. At Pantops, at the southeast corner of the city, this 
advance of the ice furnished most of the gravel of the Electric 
Railroad pit. It is here that the curious mixture of water-laid 
gravels and enormous angular granite boulders occurs. This ice- 
front may be traced against the basalt cliffs, or, in more extended 
lobes on higher levels, to a point three miles west, on Twentieth 
Avenue at Ivory Street. It does not seem to belong to the Wis¬ 
consin glaciation, for it is cut off from whatever ground moraine 
it belongs with at the north by a deeper portion of the valley on 
the floor of which the Wisconsin ice approached from the east. 
Near Granite Point, some little distance north of Pantops, a bit 
of this moraine is to be seen lower in the valley and very near 
a gravel pit in the river terrace. There is here an appearance of 
distinctly greater age of the morainic materials. 
