10 
Ohio Biological Survey 
are rare in the genus, and he concluded that the apothecia arise apogam- 
ously. In his work on Sphyridium byssoides, he found reduced and 
probably functionless trichogynes, while here again the spermagonia are 
rare. In this species, however, he succeeded in tracing the origin of 
ascogenous hyphse from ascogonia. Reduction of the sexual apparatus 
does not seem to have proceeded so far here as in Baeomyces; but the 
plant may be apogamous, and, according to Nienburg’s results, it is inter¬ 
mediate between Baeomyces and those lichens which have normal sexual 
organs, both male and female. In the Caliciaceae, sexual reproductive 
areas seem to be for most part absent, though Neubner (48) supposed 
that functionless spermagonia might exist in certain species. Neubner 
thought that the apothecial development must be wholly vegetative. 
Mrs. Gertrude Wolff Tobler (66) noted somewhat uncertainly a single 
transverse septum in the trichogynes of Graphis clegans, and we seem 
to have here a condition intermediate between the unicellular trichogyne 
of some non-lichen ascomycetes and the typical lichen trichogyne. It 
is not quite certain whether these simpler archicarps are primitive or de¬ 
generate, and more work on the Hysteriales, whether algicolous or non- 
algicolous, would certainly give other helpful results. 
It seems probable that in Pyreniila nitida the female sexual tract is 
perhaps more like the well-developed conditions found in certain disco- 
mycetous lichens that have been studied than those of the non-lichen 
pyrenomycetes that have been examined. Baur’s work on Pyreniila 
needs confirmation and extension, since there is room to suspect that the 
resemblance of the female reproductive tract to the typical, fully devel¬ 
oped form found in discomycetous lichens may not be so close after all. 
Much work is needed on both lichen and non-lichen pyrenomycetes before 
we can know certainly whether the pyrenomycetous lichens are related 
more closely to non-lichen pyrenomycetes than to discomycetous lichens. 
Conditions among the Laboiilbeniales (Thaxter 61 and Faull 26 
and 27) are considerably like those found in lichens. A complete series 
from the one-celled trichogyne to a multicellular and much-branched 
form has been found (Fig. 4). Non-motile male cells become attached 
to the trichogynes as in lichens, and later the ascogonium septates or in 
some manner gives rise to a septate structure somewhat similar to the 
septate ascogonium of lichens. Some of the conditions known in the 
Laboulbeniales appear to be intermediate between those found in Cera- 
tostoma and those that have been observed so frequently in lichens. 
There are also conditions among the PezPalcs which strongly sug¬ 
gest the female reproductive tract in lichens. In Laehnca stcrcorea, 
