102 
Ohio JIiological Survey 
walnut, birch, beech, black cherry, basswood, and catalpa are em¬ 
ployed. In nearly all heavy wagons the hubs, spokes, felloes, and 
all the running gear, except the axles and the tongue, are made of 
oak. The axles are made of hickory and the tongue of white ash. 
In lighter vehicles elm and yellow locust are used for the hubs, and 
hickory for the spokes and felloes. The shafts are generally made 
of ash. 
The boxes or beds of carriages and wagons are usually made 
of yellow pine, ash, and yellow poplar. Yellow poplar is in great 
demand by automobile makers because it is strong, not liable to 
warp, and has the quality of taking a fine polish without the use of 
any previous filler. For this reason its finish is more permanent. 
Its size and clear quality permits its use in the form of wide boards, 
and this is an especial attraction to the manufacture of fine vehicles. 
The building of our modern Pullman and palace cars calls for the 
greatest variety and most expensive kinds of wood. Among the 
thirty or more different kinds of wood used, vermillion, mahogany, 
teak, rosewood, and other tropical species are found. 
Furniture and Cabinet Work —The amount and value of furniture 
now in use is almost beyond computation, and the demand for wood 
to keep up the needed supply of home and public furnishings is 
greater than the supply produced. Not long ago the dark woods such 
as black walnut, black cherry and ebony were in general use, but that 
time has passed. The lighter colored woods are now in vogue, and 
maple, birch, and oak have very largely taken the place of walnut 
and cherry. 
Oak is now in great demand, and the quarter-sawed work of 
the cabinet makers of this country is not surpassed in beauty of 
design and perfection of finish elsewhere in the world. Next to 
oak, birch, ash, and maple are commonly used for the better kinds 
of furniture. For paneling and cylinder desks, where lightness, flexi¬ 
bility and toughness are required yellow poplar is called for. For the 
more common furniture, elm, chestnut, beech, gum, and other cheaper 
woods are used. Flard maple is in demand for pianos and organs. 
Cabinet making is carried on to a greater or less extent in every 
important city in the United States. It furnishes thousands of men 
employment and consumes millions of feet of lumber every year. 
The use of wood in the form of thin strips or veneers enables 
many to secure what they desire in wood work, where the price of 
