108 
Ohio Biological Survey 
average 1 ton of ground pulp or ^2 ton of chemical fiber. The prin¬ 
cipal woods used for paper are spruce, hemlock, and poplar. In 
smaller quantities balsam, pine, white fir, cottonwood, willow, beech, 
gum, birch, chestnut, maple, basswood, buckeye, and a few others 
have been tested. In some places mill and factory waste constitutes 
a large part of the wood used. The states of New York and Maine 
are the largest consumers of pulp wood. In Ohio the pulp mills 
consume about 40,000 cords of wood a vear. 
Street Paving —With the improved and more economical meth¬ 
ods of preservation, more wood is being used now for street paving, 
Fig. 17. A woodlot showing some timber trees that are over mature, with few 
standards and practically no trees of younger growth. 
conduits, and similar purposes. Yellow pine and cedar are among 
the woods commonly used as street paving blocks. Some of the 
cheaper forms of wood are still used for sidewalks, but this use of 
wood is growing less. 
Wood Distillation—One of the modern chemical industries is 
the distillation of wood. This results in the formation of various 
gases, vapors, tarry liquids, and certain solid residues, of which the 
chief one is charcoal. The condensible vapors give us wood alcohol 
and various acids. The tarry liquids yield wood tar, creosote, paraf¬ 
fine, naphthalene, and other allied products. 
