Ecology of the Cincinnati Region 
131 
damine bulbosa, Lilium philadelphicum, Ranunculus abortivus, Onoclea 
sensibilis, Aspidium Thelypteris, Scirpus atrovirens, several species of 
Carex, and a number of other plants, usually less common; or it may be 
dense, consisting largely of poison ivy, and saplings of the same trees 
which make up the forest (dg. ii). In either case, fleshy fungi are 
Fig. 11. An upland forest near Mount Washington in which pin oak (Quercus 
palustris) is dominant. 
usually abundant, and such mosses as Thuidium, Climacium, Polytrichum, 
Catharinea, Leucobryum, and occasionally Sphagnum, form extensive 
mats. 
Forest openings. —White oak is a minor constituent of almost all 
these upland woods, where individual trees or groups of trees occur scat¬ 
tered through the denser pin oak forest. Such spots are more open than 
the rest of the woods, and are grassy (dg. 12 ). Here are usually found 
a number of herbs characteristic of sunny swamps and meadows, Scirpus 
cyperinus, Ludvigia alternifolia, Bidens frondosa, Lobelia siphilitica, Soli- 
dago graminifolia, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Ilysanthcs dubia, Steironema 
lanceolatum, and a number of Carices. 
