Ecology of the Cincinnati Region 
141 
tonia coerulea, and Solidago graminifolia. A number of mosses (Hyp- 
num, Mnium, Polytrichum, Climacium, and Dicranum), and occasional 
hepatics and lichens are found. In a few places, Bidens trichosperma is 
the dominant plant, and grows so abundantly, that the meadows are a 
mass of golden-yellow blossoms early in September. 
Fig. 16. A grassy meadow at Terra Alta. The darker patches are Scirpus atro- 
virens and Carex typhinoides. 
Dry Meadozvs. —The dryer parts of the uplands, when cleared, are 
soon occupied by a number of the more xerophytic grasses (Poa com- 
prcssa, Aristida gracilis, Panicuni capillare, Andropogon virginicuni). 
As was the case in the wet meadows, other plants also occur, among which 
are Pentstemon glaber, Pycnanthenium flexuosum, Rudbeckia hirta, Soli¬ 
dago nemoralis, and A. canadensis, Anaphalis margaritacea, and Aster 
ericoides var. villosiis. In some places, this dry meadow is a later stage 
in the pond-swamp-meadow succession. 
The meadow may be only a rapidly passing stage in the forest suc¬ 
cession, or it may be relatively permanent. The first condition is ex¬ 
pected ; the second is difficult to explain. 
