CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION. 
193 
(a.) Allowance for the Cartilage* * * § 
Tlie thicknesses of the cartilages here cited are taken from Heinrich Werner’s 
Inaugural Dissertation, ‘Die Dicke cler menschlichen Gelenkknorpel,’ Berlin, 1897. 
They are only discussed for the cases required for the long bones as measured by 
Rollet and used in my reconstruction formulse.t 
Femur. —(i.) Maximum length (“ straight ”) from top of head to bottom of internal 
condyle (F). 
(ii.) “Oblique” length from top of head to plane in contact with both 
condyles (F'). 
For both we have for articular cartilage at upper end 2 millims., at lower end 
2'5 millims., or the total together of 4’5 millims. This is more than double 
Manocvrier’s allowance. 
Humerus. —Length from top of head to lowest point of internal margin of trochlea 
(H). At upper end we must allow 1'5 millims., and at lower 1*3 millims., altogether 
2‘8 millims. for articular cartilage. 
Tibia. — The spine is excluded by Rollet. The length is from plane of iqiper 
surfaces (margins) to tip of internal malleolus (T). In this case the articular carti¬ 
lage has only to be allowed for at the upper end, and is here 3 millims. 
Radius. —The length is measured from top of head to tip of styloid process (R)* 
The allowance must be for articular cartilage at upper end only, and is 1'5 millims. 
(b.) Allowance for Animcd Alatter in Bones. 
Here unfortunately I had not the same amount of data to guide me. The best 
hypothesis to go upon seemed to be that a thoroughly dry bone, free from all animal 
matter, would, if it were thoroughly soaked, approximate to the condition of the 
bones measured by Bollet. Broca, who has written a very elaborate memoir on 
the effect of humidity in altering the capacity and dimensions of skulls, has referred 
incidentally to the extension of the femur by humidity.j He took three femurs, one 
macerated in 1873, one of the 15th century, and one of the polished stone age. After 
soaking for seven days, he found an increase of I'o millims. in the first, 1’5 millims. in 
the second, and 1 millim. in the third. These results, he says, compare very well with 
Welcker’s,§ who gives I’2 millims. for increase of length of femur with humidity. 
It vv^as somewhat difficult to make fresh experiments on a considerable number of 
* The details of this section I owe entii’ely to my colleague. Professor GtEORGE Thane, who in this 
matter, as in many others, has given me most ready and generous assistance. 
t On another occasion 1 may take into consideration the ulna and fibula, but they have nothing like 
the importance for stature of the bones here dealt with. 
t ‘Memoires d’Anthropologic de Paul Broca,’ vol. 4, pp. 163 et. seq.-, p. 195. 
§ ‘ Ueber Wachstum und Ban des menschlichen Schiidels,’ p. 30, 1862. Welcker only dealt with one 
male femur, and soaked it for three days. 
VOL. CXCII.—A. 2 C 
