CONTEIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OP EVOLHTTOH. 
201 
and the actually observed stature in the case of such a diverse race as the Aino 
ought, I think, to give considerable confidence in their use, 
(ii.) I have also included in the table the results for the male Aino, calculated 
from female formulse, and for the female Aino, calculated from the male formulae. 
The reader will perceive at once that sexual differences are immensely greater than 
racial differences—that it would be perfectly idle to attempt to reconstruct female 
stature from male formulae, or vice versa. Exactly the same order of divergences 
are obtained if we endeavour to reconstruct French female from male formulae, or 
vice versd, and we concluded that French men and French women are more 
differentiated from each other than French of either sex and Aino of the same sex, 
at any rate, in the relations between stature and the long bones. It is noteworthy 
that the only instance in which the formula for one sex gives even approximately 
the stature of the other, is in the case of the female formula applied to find the male 
stature by means of the length of the radius. In tins case we get a better result 
than from the male formula itself. Noav this is peculiarly significant, for it is in the 
radius that the most marked differentiation between French and Aino has taken 
place ; and in this respect the Aino male approaches nearer to the French female 
than to the French male. We must therefore conclude that while the sexes are 
widely differentiated from a common stock, still in respect of radius the females of a 
highly civilised race like the French, and the males of a primitive race like the Aino, 
are even closer together than the males or the females of these two races for this 
special bone. The agreement between the same sex m two different races, however, 
is generally far closer than between different sexes in highly civilised and primitive 
races. 
(12.) Having taken an extreme case of divergence in man and tested the confidence 
that may be put in our reconstruction formulse, it will not be without interest to see 
the amount of divergence in the formulse when we apply them to allied species. 
Stature is, of course, a very difficult character to deal with when we are considering 
the anthropomorphous apes, and it would be idle to think of going beyond a round 
number of centimetres. But even here the aafreements and disagreements are so 
remarkable that they appear to furnish material on which certain quantitative 
statements with regard to the general lines of evolution can be based, and further 
they suggest that tlie regression formulae for the long bones among themselves'^" 
open up quite a new method of attacking the problem of the descent of man. Like 
the rest of the material in this paper, the considerations of the present paragraph 
must be looked upon as suggestions for new methods of research. I have taken what 
material was at hand and not endeavoured to form comprehensive statistics. The 
methods £ire illustrated on stature, but they are equally applicable to the regression 
formulse connecting any characters or organs whatever. 
* I hope later to deal at length with the regi’ession formul® foi the long hones of naan and 
apply theaoi to the anthropomorphous apes, placing stature entirely on one side as a quantity vei’y 
difficult to measure. 
2 D 
VOL. CXCII.—A. 
