CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OP EVOLUTION. 
229 
The truth of this theory can only be discussed by anatomists, and many anatomists 
like Professor Cunningham and Dr. Paltauf hold that giants and dwarfs are 
pathological creations—they are the results of abnormal conditions to which they 
would give the name of a disease. Such a view would exclude any conception— 
especially in the case of dwarfs among the normal population—of an atavistic 
influence. The existence even to-day of dwarf races in both Africa and Asia ought, 
however, to give ground for pause. When we add to this that Professor Sergi 
actually considers that he has good evidence of a dwarf racial type still extant in 
Italy, and that Professor Kollmann, after examining Sergi’s cranial and other 
evidence, has been converted from strong disbelief to belief,''' Avhen we note the forty- 
three dwarfs (stature <140 centims.) actually brought to light by one annual con¬ 
scription in Bavaria alone, and finally when we consider the neolithic dwarf skeletons 
discovered by NuESCH,t we must undoubtedly hesitate to attribute to pathological 
causes all cases of dwarfs which come under notice. The African, Indian, and Italian 
dwarfs appear as a distinct racial type as little pathological variations of normal man, 
as a monkey of the anthropomorphous apes. It is thus possible that the pathological 
characters found in so many dwarfs may be the result of a conflict between atavistic 
and normal tendencies, rather than themselves the source of dwarfdom. At any rate, 
while admitting that our curves are largely based on admittedly pathological instances 
of both giants and dwarfs, it seems well worth while to consider to what results they 
lead us when wm endeavour to reconstruct the stature of dwarf races. 
In making this application we have to bear two points in mind (i.) we must expect 
a wide range in our prediction of statures lying between 130 and 150 centims., for 
this is the range for which our curves give very unstable results. We can only hope 
for a fair degree of approximation in the means, (ii.) Our curves are constructed 
solely from male data, because female data are practically non-extant. We must 
accordingly endeavour to find some means of passing from male to female stature. 
To this we must first devote our attention. 
(6) I take the following data for sexual ratios for the French and Aino from the 
material of Bollet and Koganei ; for the Naqada race from Dr. Warren’s memoir, 
and for the Andamanese from Sir W. H. Flower’s memoir, which is discussed below. 
Sexual ratio, d / ? . 
Race. 
Stature. 
Femur. 
Tibia. 
Humerns. 
Radius. 
French. 
1-083 
1-090 
1 -10-2 
1-110 
1-137 
Naqada . 
1-074 
1-080 
1-088 
1-088 
1-100 
Aino. 
1-065 
1-067 
1-064 
1-064 
1-087 
Andamanese . 
? 
1-034 
1-034 
1-049 
1-071 
* Kollmann in Nuesch, Inc. cit. infra, p. 238, 
t Ibid. 
