CONTKIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF EVOLETION. 
237 
than FI in the case of males, and 3 centims. greater in the case of females. From 
them we should conclude that the stature of Andamauese was given by male =154 
centims,, female = 148 centims. May,'" who measured 48 male and 41 female livino- 
Andamanese, gives the stature as, male = 149'2 centims., and female = 140‘3 
centims. 
Sir W. H. Flower estimates the stature from his skeletons at male = 143’1 centims., 
and female = 138‘3 centims. This is very much less even than Man’s determination 
of the living stature. Mantegazza, who possesses a skeleton of an Andamanese, 
gives its skeleton height at 148“o centims., and Kollmann considers its living 
stature to have been 150 centims.t The femur in this case is 42’4 centims. long, 
which would correspond in a normal Frenchman to a stature of 161 centims. I 
must state that I feel inclined to put entirely on one side estimates of stature based 
on the height of the articulated or unarticulated skeleton, they appear invariably to 
underrate the living stature, and often by very large amounts. Even if we suppose 
the Andamanese to have the relative proportions of full-sized people {e.g., use FI), 
we obtain statures considerably above Sir W. H. Flower’s estimates. On the other 
hand Man’s measurements, which give results much in excess of the latter, fall 
considerably short of the results we obtain from Pj, Ph, or M, They even fall 
short of FI, and in the case of females markedly short of it. If we consider that 
Flower’s skeletons and Man’s individuals belong to the same group, then it must 
be confessed that our estimates are unsatisfactory. The hypothesis FI gives the 
least divergent result, but it cannot be considered a particularly good one. It will 
be seen at once that it is the inferior members in each liaib which give the 
exag-gerated stature estimates. If we confined our attention to femur and humerus, 
then Pji (a) and (6) would give 149'0 for males and t43’4 for females, results better 
in accordance with Man’s measurements than FI for all four bones, or than FI for 
male femur and humerus only. 
When we consider the immense importance of these dwarf races for the problem 
of evolution, the main result of our investigation is obvious ; there ought to be 
an elaborate investigation—such as Koganei has made for the Aino—on the long 
bones of skeletons and the stature of living individuals, of some extant dwarf race. 
These races are rapidly becoming extinct, and the possibility of making such mi 
investigation is yearly diminishing. Yet it is only by a careful comparison of the 
regression formulae for dwarf and normal races tha,t it seems to me possible that we 
shall be able quantitatively, and therefore definitively, to fix the relationship of 
dwarf and normal races in the course of evolution.[j; 
* See Sir W. H. Flower on “ Pygmy Races,” ‘ Jourii. of Anthropological Institute,’ vol. 18, 1889, p. 73. 
t Nuesch, loc. cit., infra, p. 129. 
j The reader must bear in mind that nearly all tlie vagueness involved in our attempts to recon- 
