Other Macaque Species 
Utilization 
It is estimated that at least 1,000 macaques, other than Macaca mulatta 
and M. fascicularis , are needed per year. These macaques are used 
almost entirely for research purposes, rather than for biological production 
or testing. The fields of research are numerous and, as a group, the 
neurosciences, including behavioral studies, seem to have the greatest 
need for them. 
Foreign Sources 
M. nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques) are no longer obtainable from Thailand 
and are becoming difficult to find in Malaysia. They remain relatively 
plentiful in parts of Indonesia. M. arctoides (stumptailed macaques), 
M. cyclopis (Formosan macaques), and M. fuscata (Japanese macaques) are 
rare and virtually impossible to obtain from the wild. M. radiata 
(bonnet macaques) are found in large numbers in India, but this species 
has not been used to any extent for biomedical purposes, and the demand 
is small. 
Production in United States 
Small breeding colonies of these macaques are to be found at the Regional 
Primate Research Centers and elsewhere in the United States. However, 
in general, they produce animals only for their own institutional needs. 
These colonies could conceivably serve as the source of foundation stock 
for other colonies and are, therefore, valuable resources that should be 
so recognized and supported. This is justifiable because of the uniqueness 
of these species for research purposes now known and yet to be discovered. 
Recommendations 
Since many species of macaques are used in limited numbers for a wide 
variety of specific research projects and most of these species will 
probably continue to be available through importation over the next 
several years, it is impractical to recommend the development of general- 
purpose production colonies on a national level. However, all sponsors 
are urged to review their specific needs and establish production programs 
to meet those needs where appropriate. The use of these species should 
be continually reassessed by the IPSC to determine if breeding colonies 
should be recommended on a national scale. Additionally, consideration 
should be given to studying the comparative value of those animals still 
available in large numbers from the wild as a substitute for other 
macaques which are not as available. 
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