Old Sutural History Books. 
“ species ” and the employment of anatomical characters in the 
definition of the larger groups. Cuvier considered Ray’s 
zoological work “yet more important” than his botanical, it 
being “the basis of all modern zoology.” In geology he 
followed and improved upon Hooke, while he was one of the 
first to call attention to the denudation effected by rivers and 
the sea. 
AMONG Ray’s contemporaries the following deserve 
mention :— 
Martin Lister [1638-1712], the English naturalist and 
correspondent of Ray, to whom he sent observations on Plants 
and on Spiders, of which he was one of the earliest students. 
His Historia Animalium Anglice^ 1678, contains accounts of the No. 51. 
Spiders and of the Mollusca, including the fossil shells, which 
he considered, as Ray did, to be remains of real organisms. 
From Lister apparently emanated the first suggestion as to the 
formation of Geological Maps. 
Robert Morison [1620-1683], Botanist to Charles IL, and 
afterwards Professor of Botany at Oxford, wrote Pts. ii. and iii. 
of a Plantarum Histori^e universalis Oxoniensis^ which appeared 
in 1680 and 1699, under the editorship of J. Bobart : the first 
part of the work was never issued. Morison elaborated a 
system of classification which was apparently largely borrowed 
from Caesalpinus. 
August Q. Rivinus [1652-1723], with whom Ray had 
some controversy, was also a systematist of note, whose Intro- 
ductio generalis in Rem Herbarium was published, at Leipsic, in 
1690, and followed by memoirs on the different orders which 
he constituted. He suggested that two names should be given 
to each plant. 
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort [1656-1708], a celebrated 
French botanist, was the practical founder of genera, and 
therefore in great measure of the present system of classification. 
His Elemens de Botanique came out in 1694 : it was afterwards 
issued in Latin as Institutiones Rei Herbariee. His system of 
classification was long in vogue on the Continent. 
Rudolphus Jacobus Camerarius [1665-1721], the most 
celebrated of a family of Tubingen physicians, and a botanist of 
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