[ 479 
X. An Tnvestifjation of the Spectra of Flames resulting from Operations in the 
Open-hearth and Basic'" Bessemer Processes. 
By W. N. Hartley, F.R.S., Royal College of Science, Dublin, and Hu(4H P^amage, 
A.R.C.Sc.L, St. Johns College, Cambridge. 
Eeceived Xovembev 15, 1900,—Read February 21, 1901. 
Contents. 
Pages 
Introduction. 479-480 
Examination of the Spectrum of the interior of a Siemens-Martin Furnace and of a Cupola 
Furnace . 481-482 
Description of the “ Blow ” and “ Over-blow ” in the “ Basic ” Bessemer Process .... 482-484 
Details of the Spectra'observed during the different periods of a “ Blow ”.485 
The cause of the continuous Spectrum which is remarkable in the Flame from the “ Basic” 
Process. 486-487 
Characteristics of the Spectra of the “ Basic ” Bessemer Flame.487 
The Identification of Lines and Bands in the Spectra of Flames. 488-489 
Variations in the Intensity of Iron Lines in the Spectra from Various Sources .... 490-491 
On a New Line in the Spectrum of Potassium, and Variations in its Intensity .... 491-494 
On Lines and Bands le.ss refrangible than the D Lines. . 494 
On the Spectrum of the “ Over-blow ”. . 495-498 
A List of Lines and Bands in the Spectra of “ Basic ” Bessemer Flames and of those in 
the Spectra of Metals in the (Jxyhydrogen Flame with which they have been 
identified. 499-502 
Analysis of Raw Materials used in the ^lanufacture of Steel and of Bye-products . . . 502-50.3 
Conclusions. 503-506 
In the ‘ PhilosojDliical Transactions’ for 1894 were published Parts I. and IT. of 
“Flame Spectra at High Temperatures, the Spectrum of Metallic Manganese, &c.,” 
and Part HI. “ The Spectroscopic Phenomena and Thermochemistry of the Bessemer 
Process.” The results obtained by one of us up to 1895 had reference to the 
phenomena ol)served in flames seen to issue from tire vessels in which are carried on 
the operations of the “ acid ” Bessemer process. The following account deals with an 
inve.stigation of the Thomas-Gilchri.st or “ basic” process. 
Works in various parts of England were visited in order to ascertain wliere 
suitable observations could be made without incurring serious personal risks or 
damage to instruments, and to o1)tain permission to carry on these investigations. 
5.6.1901, 
