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XI. An Experimental Investigation into the Flow oj Marble. 
By Frank Dawson Adams, 1 M.Sc ., Pit.D.. F.G.S , Logan Professor of Geology in 
McGill University, and John Thomas Nicolson, D.Se., M.Inst.C.E., Head of 
the Engineering Department , Manchester Municipal Technical School (formerly 
Professor of Mechanical Engineering in McGill University). 
Communicated by Professor Callendar, F.R.S. 
Received June 12,—Read June 21, 1900. 
[Plates 22-25.] 
Contents. 
Page 
I. Introduction. 363 
II. Conditions to be reproduced in Experimental Work . -.369 
III. Deformation of Carrara Marble.370 
A. Methods employed.370 
B. Deformation of the Dry Rock at Ordinary Temperatures.373 
C. Deformation of the Dry Rock at 300' C. and at 400“ C.376 
D. Deformation of the Rock at 300° C. in the presence of Water.382 
IV. Comparison of the Structures produced in Carrara Marble by Artificial Deforma¬ 
tion with those produced by Deformation in the case of Metals.3S6 
V. Comparison of the Structures produced in Carrara Marble by Artificial Deforma¬ 
tion with those observed in the Limestones and Marbles of highly contorted 
portions of the Earth’s Crust.387 
VI. Summary of Results.398 
T. Introduction. 
That rocks under the conditions to which they are subjected in many parts of the 
earth’s crust become bent and twisted in the most complicated manner is a fact which 
was recognised by the earliest geologists, and it needs but a glance at any of the 
accurate sections of contorted regions of the earth’s crust which have been prepared 
in more recent years to show not only that in many cases even the hardest rocks have 
been folded, but that there has often been a marked transfer or “ flow ” of material 
from one place to another in the folds. While, however, these facts are undisputed, 
the manner in which this contortion, with its concomitant flowing, has taken place is a 
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