■FLAME SPECTRA AT HIGH TEMPERATURES. 
104.5 
spectroscope cannot be considered as a practical indicator of the decarburization in the 
Bessemer process, because the lines of the Bessemer spectrum do not belong to 
carbonic oxide or to carbon, but to manganese and other elements in the pig-iron 
(‘Oesterreichische Zeitschrift fur Berg-und Htitten-wesen,’vol. 16, 1868, pp, 226, 228), 
Next, VON Lichtenfels Ein Beitrag zur Analyse des Spectrums der Bessemer- 
flamme,” ‘ Dingler’s Polytech. Journal,’ vol, 191, pp. 213, 215) remarked that tbe 
nature of the several green and blue groups of lines seen in the Bessemer spectrum 
was not known : they bad been attributed to various substances, iDut with no 
certainty as to their identity. Simmler had described the spectrum of manganese as 
consisting of four broad green bands and a violet line lying near to the violet 
potassium line (‘Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie,’ 1862); and von Lichtenfels, 
examining the spectrum of manganous chloride dissolved in alcohol, found the green 
bands to be composed of groups of lines, the constituent rays of which corresponded 
exactly with the constituent lines in the groups of the Bessemer spectrum. He 
concluded that the groups of green lines seen in the Bessemer spectrum belonged to 
manganese. 
J. Spear Parker made a number of observations at the works of Messrs. Charles 
Cammell and Co., of Sheffield Chemical News,’ vol, 23, p. 25) with coloured glasses 
and with the spectroscope. He was unable to confirm Lielegg’s statement that the 
Bessemer spectrum could be seen when the converter was merely being heated. He 
thought the spectrum could not be attributed to manganese as it had been, and was 
of opinion that the most characteristic portion of it would be found to be owing to the 
presence of carbon in some form. 
Kupelwieser, in a special lecture delivered at the Berg-Akademie at Leoben on 
the application of the spectroscope to the Bessemer process, quotes Lielegg’s observa¬ 
tions, and assigns reasons for believing his conclusion to be correct when he attributed 
the Bessemer spectrum to carbonic oxide. The lines belonging to carbonic oxide first 
make their appearance when the temperature of tbe converter has become greatly 
elevated and the carbon of the pig-metal commences to burn ; they remain throughout 
the second and third periods until complete decarburization has taken place. They 
are brightest when the temperature is highest, and they vanish somewhat quickly 
along with the combined carbon, while they reappear when a proportion of molten 
pig-iron is added to the blown metal. The same lines are stated by Kupelwieser to 
be visible, though not so conspicuously bright, when a converter is being heated with 
coke. Also when slag and metal are drawn oft' from the tap-hole of a blast furnace 
he had observed the carbon monoxide spectrum. By means of a Sefstrom’s furnace 
he obtained spectra with the a, and y groups in Lielegg’s carbonic oxide spectrum 
(‘Oesterreichische Zeitschrift fur Berg- und Hlitten-wesen,’ p. 59, 1868, No. 8). 
Brunner pointed out that the spectrum of carbonic oxide is not a line spectrum 
but a continuous band of rays, though Lielegg believed the difference in the 
Bessemer spectrum is caused by the higher temperature of the latter; only old 
