tART l.j Lydekher: Geology of Kashmir, Kishhvar, and Tangi. 
31 
many beds of comparatively little altered slates and shales which ought to have 
retained traces of organic life had such lived in the seas in which these rocks were 
deposited. I think that we cannot but conclude from the absence of fossils in so 
many deposits, so favorable to their preservation as are the limestones of the 
Kiol and Krol groups, that parts of the old Himalayan seas, strange as the fact 
may appear, were from some yet unknown cause, over wide areas unfavorable to 
any great developement of animal life. 
As the country traversed by me consists of several semi-distinct lines, I have 
thought it best to treat of these several lines or sections under distinct headings, 
following in this respect the example sot by the late Dr. Stoliezka in his memoir 
entitled “ Geological Observations in Western Tibet.”' This method has many 
obvious advantages, although it is open to the objection of necessarily involving 
a certain amount of repetition. 
The .survey of a wider area has necessarily led to certain modifications of some 
of the views expressed in my previous paper on the “ Geology of the Pir 
Panjalin the main, however, the conclusions there arrived at as to the ages of 
the different rock-groups have been maintained, 
I have here to offer my thanks to Mr. Drew, late of the service of the Maha¬ 
rajah of Kashmir, for the gift of notes and sections taken by him in various 
parts of Kashmir territory, and which have afforded me several important pieces 
of information, as well as suggestions in classifying the different rock-groups. 
I.— The Teetiaries and Post-Tertiaeies op Kashmir. 
The so-called Karewahs of Kashmir have already been treated of by several 
writers, among the best known of whom are General Cunningham in his 
“ Ladak Major Godwin-Austen in the “ Quarterly Journal of the Geological 
Society of London° and Mr. Drew in his “ Jummoo and Kashmir 
Teiritories.” ^ 
During the early part of last spring I proceeded along the Kashmir side of 
the Pir Panjal range, for the purpose of tracing the boundaries of these deposits. 
Along the greater part of the north side of the Pir Panjal, after leaving the 
older rock-series, we como upon beds of cither clays, sands, gravels, or conglo¬ 
merates, which have the normal north-westerly strike of the Himalaya, and a 
north-easterly dip varying from five to twenty degrees. Mr. Drew has noticed 
the occurrence of these beds at page 211 of his above-quoted work, and I hav'e 
already referred to their presence at Baramiila in the “ Records of the Geological 
Survey of India.” ■* 
At Baramiila these Tertiary beds consist of yellowish clays and conglomerates, 
with an averag’e dip of about ten degrees ; the same conglomerates are also 
developed in great force to the north-east of the latter place, where they are still 
more tilted, and where they have a very great resemblance to the upper conglo¬ 
merates of the Siwalik series of the outer hills. The blue clays and yellow 
' Mem., G. S. I., Vol. V, p. 337. 
“ Vol. XX. p. 383. 
3 Pp. 207, 166. 
Vol. IX, p. 162, 
