Mecords of the Geological Survey of India. 
[VOL. XI. 
sa 
sands can be traced to the north as far as ShaMra. To the south-east of 
Baramiila, almost up to the town of Shapiyan, the lowest beds of these deposits 
consist of stiff blue clay, with the same dip and strike, the conglomerate beds being 
generally cither absent or I’eplnced by clay ; the conglomerates, however, reappear 
at Hirpiir on the PIr Panjal road, llajor Godwin-Austen has noticed that these 
conglomerates and sand beds at the latter place are several hundred feet in 
thickness ; and he has obtained from them many existing species of terrestrial 
and fluviatile shells, as well as scales of fishes. 
If we follow these highly-tilted clay and conglomerate beds towards the centre 
of the valley of Kashmir as we can well do along the main road from Gulmarg, 
where they are gi’eatly developed, we shall find that as we advance towards 
Srinagar the dip of the beds gradually decrea.ses, until it is not more than a very 
few degrees from the horizontal; Avhile at the same time the conglomerates and 
blue clays disappear and are replaced by light-colored sands and loamy clays, 
bearing very distinct marks of stratification. Finally, as we get within a few 
miles of Srinagar (beyond which place these deposits have been denuded away), 
we find that the strata are almost, if not quite, horizontal. 
It is, therefore, apparent that we have been crossing the strike of a continuous 
formation, the lower beds of which are tilted and often conglomeritic, while the 
upper beds are nearly horizontal and sandy or clayey. There is no sign of any 
break in this formation that I can detect, and I should think that at a low esti¬ 
mate it cannot be less than one thousand feet in thickness. 
Turning now to the opposite side of the valley, and taking the section near 
Pampur as a typical instance, we find here also a considerable thickness of stratified 
clays and sands which are perfectly horizontal; these seem to correspond to the 
topmost sandy beds on the opposite side of the valley. Mr. Drew .says {supi eit., 
p. 209) that similar beds to the north of Islamabad attain a thickness of from 
250 to 300 feet. Below these sandy beds, north of the latter place, there occurs 
a considerable thickness of limestone conglomerate, resting conformably on a 
sloping surface of the carboniferous limestone, and itself sloping also, according to 
Mr. Drew, at an angle of from seven to fifteen degi’ees. 
The whole of the horizontal sandy deposits to the north-east of the valley, 
together with the upper sandy deposits of the south-western side, I piropose to 
call the upper Karewahs; while the tilted clay and conglomerate beds along the Pir 
Panjal I shall designate as lower Karewahs. There is no evidence to prove that 
the conglomerate underlying the upper Karewahs at Islamabad is contemporaneous 
wth that of the lower Karewahs at BSramula, and I am inclined to take 
Mr. Dreiv’s view that it formed an ancient lake beach, and was deposited on a 
sloping shore. 
On the south-western side of the valley of Kashmir it is quite clear from the 
presence of the tilted Kai'ewahs that a very great disturbance has taken palace along 
tlio Pir Panjal range since the period of the depo.sition of these Karewahs; this 
disturbance has elevated the beds of the lower Karewahs to an angle of more 
than twenty degrees in certain pfiaces, but it does not seem to have extended 
inwards to the centre of the valley of Kashmir. It is important to notice 
that the strike of this disturbance coincides in direction with the strike of 
