PART 1.] Lydekker: Geology of Kashmir, Kishiwar, muI Pangi. 
33 
the disturbance which has raised the Siwaliks of the outer hills into their present 
position; the Karewahs, however, differ from the outer Siwaliks in that the dip 
of the beds inclines away from, instead of towards, the adjoining range. 
This tilting of the Karewahs, together with the great amount of denudation 
which they have subsequently undergone, serves to indicate that these deposits 
are, relatively speaking, of very great age; and I am inclined to think that, at all 
events, the lower Karewahs cannot be much, if at all, newer than the upper 
Siwaliks of the outer hills, and that therefore they probably belong to the top¬ 
most pliocene or pleistocene period. I am the more inclined to adopt this view, 
because we know that in the outer bills the period of disturbance did not extend 
to the epoch of the Post-Siwalik deposits, which are in all case.s horizontal ; and 
it seems to me most probable that the same general disturbance acted as well on the 
Kashmir Tertiaries and Post-Tertiarics as on the Siwaliks, but that it may 
perhaps have lasted a little longer in the former area. 
Mr. Drew has already pointed out the distinction between the modern allu¬ 
vium of Kashmir and the Karewahs, and he has also shown that, at all events, 
the greater part of the foiuner was deposited before the date of the construction 
of any of the ancient buildings of Kashmir, but how much before we do not at 
present know; as far as this evidence goes, it all points to the great age of the 
Karewahs. 
I do not here propose to enter into the question of the mode of deposition of 
the Karewahs, as this has already been discussed by General Cunningham, Mr. 
Drew, and others; I will, however, here mention that I think there can be .no 
doubt but that the above writers are perfectly correct in assuming that these 
deposits have been formed in the bed of a vast lake which once covered the whole 
of the valley of Kashmir. 
Below Baramula, the valley of Kashmir is now bounded by a low ridge entirely 
formed of fluviatile deposits; this ridge evidently forms the remnant of much 
larger deposits, which once extended lower down the Jhelam valley, but which 
have subsequently been removed ; it seems, therefore, cleai’ that the old lake mu.st 
have extended lower down the Jhelam valley than the present boundary of the 
valley of Kashmir, until it was stopped by some dam. It is not improbable that 
this old dam existed in the narrow gorge through Avhieh the river now flows at 
Rampiir, some ten miles below Baramula, this gorge having been deepened out 
since the Karewah period. At page 171 of the “ Wanderings of a Naturalist in 
India” Professor Leith-Adams appears to consider that the Baramula gi-avels were 
formed by a glacier which dammed Kashmir at this place. The regular strati¬ 
fication of these gi-avels appears to me to be agfiinst thi.s view of the ca.se. 
There does not now appear to be any trace of Karewah deposits remaining 
in the Jhelam valley between Baramula and Rampiir; these having been all 
removed and replaced by more recent river deposits,—another proof of the ago 
of the Karewahs. 
I am not .sure to what extent the Karewahs formerly extended up the eastern 
end of the valley; at the present time (as is shown on the map) the whole of the 
country about Sagam is covered only by modern river alluvium, generally above 
the level of r-iver deposit, which is at once distinguished from the Karewahs by 
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