34 
[vOL. XI. 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
the absence of str atiflcation. Lower down in the valley, as at Kailgam, the mo¬ 
dern allnvium still exists in considerable force, but the yellow and bine clays of 
the Karewahs are exposed in the river sections ; still further west, as near Sha- 
piyan, the Karewahs generally form the surface soil, though near the river valleys 
they are often covered with a boulder deposit of more modern origin. 
II.— The Oldee Rocks of the socth-east of the Valley of Kashmir. 
In my previously published notes on the geology of the Pir Panjal, I have 
already given some account of the rocks composing that range, more especially 
those on the outer side ; in that paper, following former -winters, I assumed the 
probability of the Cambro-Silurian age of these rocks. I may now state-that dur¬ 
ing the present season’s work the same rocks have been traced across the valley 
of Kashmir, and have been there incontestably proved to be in great part of 
Silurian age, though some of their lower beds may be Cambrian. In the present 
account these rocks will generally be referred to as the Panjal or Silurian series. 
Before commencing the description of the.se rocks in the Kashmir valley it may 
be as well to state here, that wherever the word slate occurs, it is used in the 
wider sense, not implying distinct cleavage. I may also mention here that in the 
map accompanying my proper on the “ Geology of the Pir Panjal,” the Panjal 
rocks are referred to as “ crystalline schists,” whereas they should have been 
referred to as .slates and amygdaloids. 
It may also be not out of place here to refer shortly to the amj'gdaloidal rocks 
of the Pir Panjal and other parts of Kashmir, before proceeding to describe any 
of the sections; this is the more advisable, because in my previously-quoted paper 
on the geology of the fir.st-mentioncd region, I discussed the question as to the 
volcanic or metamorphic origin of these rocks, a question which I then left still 
in great part suh Judice, though I inclined somew'hat to the theory of their meta¬ 
morphic origin. 
If our researches were confined to the Pir Panjal range, we should, I think, 
have but little pro.speot of aixiving at any very definite conclusion as to the mode 
of formation of the rocks in question, since in that I'ogion these rocks always 
occur iuterstratificd with the slates, and their composition is often such that we 
cannot in the field predicate either their igneous or metamorphic origin. If they 
be trajipean, they must bo, as will be gathered from my former paper, of contem¬ 
poraneous origin with the slates, and therefore we are debarred from any evi¬ 
dence which might have been afforded by dykes as to their trappean origin. 
On the north-western side of the valley of Kashmir, however, near Srinagar, 
and in the Sind valley, there exists a formation wkich agrees with the series of 
the Pir Panjal, in containing certain amygdaloidal rocks very much resembling 
those of the latter region. 'Ihese amygdaloidal rocks of the Sind valley, however, 
differ in their association from those of the Pir Panjal; instead of being inter- 
stratified with slates, as in that range, and the whole series showing a markedly 
stratified appearance, these rocks are mingled with a compact greenstone-like 
rock, and with another granular greenish rock, like anamesite; the greenstone-like 
rock frequently contains large pear-shaped nodules of chalcedony, and small 
needles of a mineral, which is, I think, chrysolite. The whole formation is entirely 
