39 
PART 1.] Lydekker: Geology of Kashmir, Kishlwar, and Pangi. 
opposite side of the valley of Kashmir, must probably, as we have seen, be con¬ 
sidered as of eruptive origin; it is, however, in many cases extremely difficult to 
decide in this region whether certain of these green rocks are of eruptive origin, 
or whether they are metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. 
Proceeding further up the Hirpur valley, and approaching the old Mogul 
halting place of Dubchi, we find these amygdaloidal rocks underlaid by black slates 
with a north-easterly dip; at Dabchi itself there is a small anticlinal and syn- . 
clinal fold in these slates. Above Dabchi we have a continuou.s descending series 
of slates mingled with a few band.s of conglomerates which contain quartzitic and 
slate pebbles, till some distance below Aliabad serai, where we find buff and 
white quartzites underlying these slates; near the latter place we again come upon 
black slates which underlie the quartzites: these slate.s contain rounded and 
angular masses of gneis.s. Immediately above Aliabad serai we come upon 
granitoid gneiss underlying the black slates with the same north-easterly dip; the 
gneiss includes a few bands of slates and quartzites. 
This gneiss continues nearly to the summit of the Plr Panjal pass, and bears 
to the north-west, along the ridge of the Chitta-Pani and Ohota-Galli passes. 
Hear the Plr Panjal pass the beds of the gneiss are almost vertical; still nearer 
the summit of the pass we come upon black slates with imbedded gnci.ss pebbles 
apparently underlying the gneiss, and, again, similarly rindei'laid by whitish 
quartzites which form the summit of the pass. On the south-western side of the 
pass we have a regular series of rocks with a north-easterly dij) apparently 
underlying the quartzites; these consist of slates, sandstones and conglomerates 
similar to those of the opposite side of the pass, only that the latter rocks are in 
greater force on the .south-eastern side. These slates and conglomor’ates continue 
nearly to Baramgalla, where we find amygdaloidal rocks interstratified with the 
slates: these slates and amygdaloids continue with the same north-easterly dip 
till we come ujjon the limestone I’ocks of the Suran river, which have been mapped 
in my previously published paper on the geology of the outer side of the Pir Pan¬ 
jal range. 
From the above description it will be apparent that on the north-east side of 
the Pir Panjal we have the following series of rocks, counting from the highest 
to the lowest, viz .:— 
1. Greenish slates and sandstones and amygdaloidal rocks. 
2. Black and green slates with brown sandstone conglomerate, containing 
pebbles of quartzite and slate. 
3. Whitish quaidzites and sandstones. 
4. Black slates containing pebbles of gneiss and quartzite. 
5. Granitoid gneiss with occasional bands of slate and quartzite. 
If now we turn to the rocks on the southern side of the gneiss, we shall find 
that they present the same series, only in the reverse order; the uppermost rocks 
of- the north-eastem side being the lowest on the south-western side, and vice 
versa. 
This section therefore seems to be only explicable in the same manner as that 
across the Banihalpass (of which I gave a diagram in my previous paper), namely, 
by the inversion of all the strata on the south-western side of the range. The 
