40 
Becords of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vOL. XI. 
gneissio strata must, therefore, form a great anticlinal axis conformably underlying 
the slates on either side; this gneissio ridge, however, is not altogether continu¬ 
ous, as it does not occur in the gorge at the bottom of the Jhelam valley, 
where the slates, much contorted, form the whole section, and apparently bend 
round the masses of gneiss existing in the hills on either side of the valley. 
According to this view the limestones of the Suran valley, which I presume 
to be inverted, are, as I supposed in my former paper, the topmost beds of the 
Pir Panjal series, and are probably, as 1 shall show subsequently, of carbonifer¬ 
ous age! * 
The presence of gneissio pebbles in the Panjal conglomerates must probably 
be accounted for by transport from other outcrops of gneiss, as the gneiss of 
the Plr Panjal is conformable to the overlying slates, and could not have been 
denuded at the time of the deposition of the latter. 
Having now traced the slates and amygdaloidal rocks of the Pir Panjal 
range along the greater portion of tho south-western border of the valley of 
Kashmir, we may cross to the opposite or north-eastern side of the valley, and 
proceed with our survey. Taking the city of Srinagar as our starting-point, 
and proceeding thence to the neighbouring hill called the Takt-i-Suleiman, we 
find that the rooks on the western side of that hill are massive, and without any 
stratification, of a greenish color, and either homogeneous or amygdaloidal; the 
same rocks also form the small hill on which is built the fort of Hari-Parbat. 
These rocks are the same as those which we have already refeired to in the 
Lower Sind valley, and which we shall again have occasion to refer to, and, as 
we have seen, are probably to a great extent of trappean origin. 
d’o the eastward of the Takt-i-Suleiman, wc come ujjon a band of black and 
green slates, which, towards tho north-west of Zebanwan station, is overlaid by 
calcareous sandstones, cherts, and slates; near the Nishat Hagh these rocks have 
a northerly strike and dip towards the trap-like rocks w'hich compose the main 
range to tho north-cast; the sandstones contain imperfect fossils, but too broken 
for identification. 
I think that the lower slates near the Takt-i-Suleiman, from their resem¬ 
blance to other rocks, belong in all probability to the Silurian or Panjal period, 
while tho overljdng calcareous and arenaceous rocks have a great resemblance 
to the lower carboniferous rocks of the Marbal pass, which we shall subsequently 
discuss, and may veiy possibly be the equivalents of these rocks, though in the 
absence of any definite proof to this effect, and for reasons to bo noticed imme¬ 
diately the I’oeks are all of one color in the map. 
Now comes tho question as to the relation of these slate rocks to the trap : 
we have already seen that the former dip towards the latter, and we have also 
seen that the latter in the Lower Sind valley underlies carboniferous rocks, and 
is consequently of high Silurian age ; this would tend to show that the slaty rocks 
• 111 my former maji of the Pir Panjal region the limestone series is not represented as 
occurring to the north of Eajaori; I, however, now find that this is incorrect, as limestone hands 
do occur there, ra iiigied with the slates at the apparent base of the series, which belong to the 
same zone as tho more massive limestones to the east and west. 
