PAiiT 1.] LydeM-er: Geology of Kashmir, Kishtwar, and, Pangi. 
41 
are not of upper Silurian and carboniferous age, as otherwise they ought to 
overlie the trap conformably, but that they may be of lower Silurian, and have 
been brought into their present jiosition by faulting, which would well explain 
the relations of the two. I can, however, at present say nothing certain on this 
somewhat difficult point. 
Proceeding from Srinagar towards the south-eastern extremity of the valley 
of Kashmir, we find that the same trap-like rocks form the sjrars bounding the 
Pampiir valley; the upper part of the valley to the north of the latter place i,s 
occupied by a lenticular mass of carboniferous limestone, with a north-easterly 
dip, and which apparently overlies the traps, though the relation is in places dis¬ 
turbed by faulting. 
I am not sure as to the nature of the northern boundary of this mass of 
carboniferous limestone, but I fancy that it is a faulted one. Beyond the lime¬ 
stone we again have trappean rocks, nnderlaid to the north-east by slates, which 
we shall subsequently trace from the Lidar to the Sind valley. 
It may be well to state here, before going any further, that in the Lidar valley 
the slate series is overlaid conformably by carboniferous rocks, and must conse¬ 
quently be of Silurian age. In the Sind andNowbug valley.s, moreover, the same 
slates will be shown to be the equivalents of those of the Pir Panjal, the latter 
also being consequently of silurian age ; these slates of Kashmir wdll therefore 
often be referred to as Panjals. 
At the mouth of the Lidar valley the silurian slate' series is interrupted along 
the axis of the valley of Kashmir by carboniferous rocks ; to the north of the 
latter rocks, however, the slates are continued ; their eastward extension will be 
discussed in subsequent sections. 
The carboniferous rocks of the south-east of the valley of Kashmir occupy 
an irregular ellipsoidal area in the midst of the silurian slates and trap-like 
rocks : to the westward the former rocks are bounded by the alluvium of the 
Lidar valley, where we shall again refer to them in the section from Islamabad ; 
there is a small outlier of the older rocks at the latter place. The valley of the 
Arput river has cut a mde gap in these rocks, to the ea.stward of which they 
reciir at Achibal, where, as well as at Islamabad, they dip at a low angle to the 
north-east; another ridge of the .same rocks runs near Shahabad, and disapjtears 
to the north-west beneath the alluvium of Kashmir; the beds on the south¬ 
western side of this ridge have a north-easterly dip, while those on the opposite 
side dip to the south-west. 
Towards the south-west these carboniferous rocks extend as far as the 
northern flank of the Banihal range, where I have already referred them in my 
“ Notes on the Geology of the Pir Panjal.” At this junction they have a south¬ 
westerly dip, and are faulted against rocks of the Panjal series wdth a north¬ 
easterly dip. To the eastward the carboniferous ellipse extends a short distance 
beyond the Marbal pass, where it will be again referaed to in the section from 
Kishtwar to Kashmir. The north-eastern boundary is very irregular ; in the 
Arput valley it occurs between the villages of Watusii and Kor and then bears 
across to Nowbug ; here the Panjal rocks cut into the middle of it from the south¬ 
east ; and the inner boundary is a continuation of the line of the Tansan river from 
F 
