42 
Records of the Geological Surveg of India, 
[voL. XI. 
the village of Wyl; from the latter place the Tansan river forms the hound- 
ary between the carboniferous and Panjal rocks, as far as the village of Pruma, 
from whence the boundary again sweeps towards the north-east, and thence 
again southwards to the Marbal pass. 
It will be clearly understood from the above, that the carboniferous rocks 
of the valley of Kashmir, are, except to the westward, bounded by rocks of the 
Panjal series ; and it may be well here to make a few remarks on the carboni¬ 
ferous series of the valley of Kashmh’. 
The ridge to the north of Shahablid, on which stands the station of Hazrat- 
Ziarat, offers a fair section of the carboniferous limestone, which is here selected 
for descrijrtion ; the rocks composing this low ridge have a north-easterly dip of 
about forty-five degrees; the lowest beds exposed consist of dark blue limestone 
often containing crinoid stems in considerable abundance; in the higher beds 
this limestone gradually assumes a cherty character, till finally, at the summit 
of the ridge, it passes into a compact and fine-grained sandstone, of a brownish- 
yellow color. To the noi-th-east of this ridge there occurs a synclinal axis running 
through the topmost sandstones; in this synclinal the sandstone is in places almost 
white, with minute red ferruginous specks. 
Passing further to the north-east, we find, at the foot of the ridge to the 
north-east of the town of Sagam, an anticlinal axi.s, which brings into view beds 
still lower in this series than any of those shown in the Hazrat-Ziarat ridge. The 
beds at the foot of the fir.st-mentioned ridge have a south-westerly dip, while those 
further on dip towards the north-east. The lowest beds consist of dark-brown 
sandjT shales, gradually becoming calcareous, then containing distinct nodules of 
limestone, and finally passing into the characteristic dark bine, carboniferous 
limestone, with crinoids and other fossils. The underlying shales have frequently 
a bacillar structure; the exposed beds below the limestone have a thickness of 
about sixty feet, but their base is not visible; these beds are readily distinguish¬ 
able from those which overlie the limestone, by being more shaly, less compact, 
and of a darker and duller color; they contain no traces of fossils. The series 
may be tabulated as follows from above downwards:— 
1. Yellowish and whitish sandstones. 
2. Blue limestone. 
3. Shales, with limestone nodules. 
4. Shaly sandstones. 
Whether the whole of the four groups of beds noticed in the above table should 
be referred to the carboniferous series T am unable to say, as no fossils have been 
found here either in the highest or the. lowest beds. 
With regard to the highest beds, which are often replaced by banded limestones, 
I can only say that thoiy very probably represent some of the triassic beds which 
overlie the carboniferous limestones in other areas, but that, in the absence of 
fossils, we cannot be sure of this. Some of the underlying shales may very pro¬ 
bably belong to the upper Panjal or Silniian series. 
It may not, peihaps, be out of place here to mention the springs of water 
which, at Vemag, Achibal, Bowan, and Islamabad, bui'st forth from the bases of 
