43 
PART 1.] Lyclekker: Geology of Kashmir, Kishtwar, and Pangi. 
cliffs of tlie carboniferous limestone. These springs are of such volume as to 
form small rivers at their origin, and take a considerable part in forming the 
waters of the upper Jhelam. At the two first-mentioned localities the springs rise 
from the base of cliffs situated at right angles to tho strike : while at the two 
latter they rise from true escarpments. It seems difficult to account for the well¬ 
ing up of such great volumes of water, without calling in the aid of faults, although 
the relation of the rocks to neighbouring outcrops does not lend much counten¬ 
ance to this hypothesis. 
The rooks at the north-western extremity of the valley of Kashmir I have 
at present only partly examined. To the north of Srinagar as far as the Sind 
valley, I have not surveyed the rocks : the rocks of tho valley beyond the Sind 
river will be found described in the Amrnath and Sind valley section. 
III. —Section from IsLAJikuiD to Amrnath, and from Palgam to Sind Valley 
AND North-West Kashmir. 
Passing up the Lidar valley from Islamcibad, we have, on the left bank of 
the river, rocks of tho carboniferous series, as far up as the village of Hutmoru ; 
at Bowan these rocks consist of dark blue limestone, with a north-easterly dip; 
above Bowan there are several flexures, and slates and sandstones are mingled 
with the limestones. North of Hutmoru we come upon rocks of the Panjal 
or Silurian series, consisting of chloritic slates and sandstones, with a few 
amygdaloids ; their dip is at first north-east. 
These Panjal rocks continue as far as the village of Eishmakam, where they 
are overlaid conformably by a series of green and white sandstones, blue lime¬ 
stones, and then by blackish slates and sandstones. The limestones contain 
crinoid stems, and two genera of corals very closely allied to the genera ZapJi- 
rentis wi Gyathojihyllum; the overlying slates and sandstones are full ct Fenes- 
tell'a, Froductiis, and Spirifer, of carboniferous species. The series at Eishmakam 
may be tabulated as follows, from above downwards :— 
1. Slates and sandstones with Fenestella, Procluctus, and '?l’*^i/'®^)Qarboni- 
2. Sandstones and dai'k blue limestones with corals and crinoids? fgj.ous 
3. White and blue sandstones ... ... ■••J 
4. Blue or green slates and amygdaloids= ... ... Silurian. 
This section proves the silurian age of the slate series of this part^ of 
Kashmir, while the next section will show that these slates are tho same as 
those of the Pir Panjal. It will be observ'ed that tho carboniferous rocks 
of Eishmakam have precisely tho same relationship to the Panjal series as 
have the Kiol series of tho outer hills to the same rocks; the two overlying series 
are also very similar in mineralogical composition. In my “Notes on the Geo¬ 
logy of the Pir Panjal,” I suggested that the Kiol group was of upper silurian 
I It may fie well to ofisorve hero that in tfie more eastern Himalayas, there is no distinct 
Devonian period; and the same rule is field to iircvail here. Similarly we may notice the afisence 
of any distinct permian period in the more eastern Himalayas, and profiahly also in the more 
western; vide infra. 
