46 
liecords of the Geological Survey of India. 
[VOL. XI. 
which we again come upon the limestones of the carhoniferons and triassic 
series, which, beyond Harbagwan, bend round with a west-north-west strike. 
In the Sind valley to the north of Kulan, the Silurian rocks gradually 
entirely lose their chloritic and amygdaloidal character, and consist of black and 
greyish slates; a little to the south of Gaggangan these slates are succeeded by 
massive dark-blue limestones, with blue and white sandstones at the base, which, 
from their position, must undoubtedly belong to the carboniferous series, and 
which are doubtless continuous with the rocks of the same age and character to 
the north of Kolahoi. It is not improbable that some of the slates to the south 
of Gaggangan may also belong to the carboniferous series, though I have placed 
the boundary at the limestones as being the only distinct line. 
These limestone rocks continue as far as the ridge on which stands Shalian 
station, at the base of which we come upon a fault; the rocks composing the 
latter ridge have a north-ea.sterly dip, and at the base consist of amygdaloidal 
traps, overlaid by chloritic rocks, which arc probably of metamorphic origin. 
These rocks are probably of silurian age, and seem to have been thrust up 
in the middle of the carbonifero-triassic rocks (as we shall see immediately) ; 
I cannot, however, be certain as to what position they occupy in the former 
series; we have seen that the top of the silurian series which immediately 
underlies the carboniferous limestone of Gaggangan does not contain any trap, 
and it is therefore hardly likely that those rocks, irrespective of their posi¬ 
tion, are the same as those slates. I think it more probable that they belong to 
some lower silurian zone, which has been subsequently brought into its present 
position by faulting; this may, however, be a case of a local trap outflow and 
subsequent metamorphism of the upper slates. 
This band of trap and silurian rocks continues to the south-east, forming 
the high range below Sonamarg; on the northern side of this range we come 
upon beds of light blue and banded limestones, white dolomites, and slates having 
at Thajwaz a south-westerly dip, and which seem to be faulted against the 
Silurians. To the north of the last-mentioned village these limestone rooks 
have a north-easterly dip, and form a continuous ascending series to the north¬ 
wards, where they are overlaid by sandstones and slates, similar to those of the 
Zoji-la and Panjtarni station ; tracing these latter rocks along the ridge towards 
the Zoji-la, we find that they are inverted in several places, which accounts for 
Dr. Stoliezka’s supposition that they were older than the limestones. 
The Thajwaz banded limestones are very different from the massive dark- 
blue limestone of Gaggangan ; from the fact that Dr. Stoliezka found a triassic 
ammonite almost at the base of the former scries, it is clear that at least tlie 
greater part of the rocks to the north of the silurian band must be of rliado- 
triassic age, and I have accordingly so colored them in the map. 
To the east of Sonamarg, I have traced these triassic rocks up the Nichinai 
stream into the Kishenganga watershed; their distribution in the latter district 
must, however, be reserved for a future season’s work. 
Retuiming now to Kulan, we h.ave to follow the Sind river into the valley 
of Kashmir. Green and grey slates, with some bands of amygdaloids, and of 
the very characteristic conglomerate of the Pir Panjal, continue to the village 
