PART 1.] Lydekkcr: Geology of Kashmir, Kishtwar, and TPangi. 
47 
of Mamar; the occurrence of this conglomerate in the slate series of this side 
of Kashmir proves them to he the equivalents of the slates and traps of the Pir 
Panjal. On the right bank of the Sind liver these slate rocks seem all to have 
a north-easterly dip ; on the left bank, however, an anticlinal axis occurs below 
the village of Rewil; there is probably, therefore, either a break or a concealed 
fold among the rocks of the right bank. 
Some little distance below the last-named village, wo come upon an entirely 
different series of rocks; on the right bank of the river we find at the base of 
the cliffs (the dip being to the north-east) a considerable thickness of coarse 
gneissic rocks followed by unaltered grey sandstones, massive blue limestones, 
and overlaid by slates. The relation of these rocks to the silurians on the north¬ 
east is not well seen, but I think a fault divides them. 
To the north-west and north these rocks are apparently faulted against a mass 
of what seems to be trap-like rocks, which we have already discussed. These 
trap-like rocks form a band extending from the east of Safapiir station towards 
Haramuk; similar rocks occur on the left bank of the Sind valley, but the exact 
division between these and the Silurian slates is there also in groat part con¬ 
cealed by forest. 
At the northern side of the extremity of the spur, which forms the right bank 
of the Sind vaUey, we come upon dai’k blue massive limestones, which overlie the 
trap-like rocks, their strike being north-westerly, and their dip north-easterly. These 
limestones extend a little to the north of Safapur station; to the west of this 
ridge we again come upon trap-like rocks, where a peninsula of these rocks extends 
into the middle of the limestone, and the latter has a quaquaversal dip around 
the trap. 
To the south of the lake of Manasbal, at Aha-tang station, we have another 
mass of greenstone-like rock showing through the limestones; these limestones at 
and near Kandabal overlie the compact blue limestone, and consist chiefly of white 
dolomitic beds, which are identical in character with those of Ammath, and 
which, I have not the least doubt, are likewise of triassic age. The massive 
blue limestone has not yielded characteristic fossils, though it contains crinoids, 
and brachiopods, and has yielded a species of Orthoceras to Mr. Theobald’s search ; 
there can, however, be not the slightest doubt from its character and position 
beneath the dolomitic beds, that it must bo considered of carboniferous age. 
The position of the presumably trappean I’ocks beneath the carboniferous 
limestone, shows that if the former be nou-intrusive, they must be pre- 
carboniferous; while, on the other hand, if they be intrusive, they must bo pwst- 
carboniferous. 
From the form of their occurrence in a dome-shaped mass beneath the lime¬ 
stones, it might be supposed at first sight that these trap rocks were intrusive: 
the absence, however, of all dykes penetrating the limestone seems to forbid this 
view; and wo can only conclude, as I have said before, that they are non- 
intrusive rocks, and arc the representatives of the more thin-bedded amygdaloid al 
traps of the upper slates of the Pir Panjal. 
We must now revert for a moment to the gneiss, sandstones, and limestones 
which occur between the trap-like rocks of the Sind valley, in order to endeavour 
