50 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[voL. XI, 
the north-eastern boundary of the valley of Kashmir. At the village of Soap to 
the east-north-east of Sagam, there are very extensive iron works belonging to 
the Maharaja; the iron seems chiefly to occur in the form of carbonate and oxide 
at the base of the carboniferous series; Dr. Ince in his “ Guide to Kashmir, ” 
when describing these works, mentions also the occurrence of silver and lead at 
the same place, and I have been slio\vn specimens of the ore of the latter metal 
said to have been obtained from there. 
The rocks of the Panjal series at Panzgam have a north-easterly dip of about 
fifty degrees and consist in great part of the amygdaloids, intermingled with 
slates and slightly altered sandstones. 
At the village of Shatru we come upon the semi-detached mass of carboniferous 
limestone, preriously refeiTed to, with a low north-easterly dip, extending as far 
as the town of Nowbug, and both boundaries of which appear to be faulted. To 
the south of the Kowbiig outlier of carboniferous limestone, an anticlinal axis 
runs through the Panjal rocks, which seems to be continuous with the anticlinal 
which traverses the carboniferous limestone to the north of Sagam. The Panjal 
rocks to the south of Nowbiig are chiefly slates. 
Between ISTowbug and the Margan pass the Panjal rocks form in the main a 
regular ascending series, interrupted by several minor flexures; for some distance 
above Kowbug these rocks chiefly consist of amygdaloids, mingled with slates, 
while nearer the pass, slates and quartzitic sandstones are more prevalent; the 
slates are sometimes banded, but are more usually of a uniform olive-green color, 
marked with reddish ferruginous spots; at the top of the pass the rocks are 
mainly whitish quartzose sandstones. Throughout the series there are occasional 
bands of amygdaloids, while I also noticed numerous fragments of the character¬ 
istic conglomerate which has been referred to above as occurring onthePir Panjal; 
I did not, however, observe this rock in situ; this was probably owing to the quantity 
of snow which lay on the pass at the time of my crossing. 
A short distance to the north-east of the Margan pass a synclinal axis tra¬ 
verses the rooks, which must be high up in the Panjal series, and from thence 
we have a regular descending section with a south-westerly dip to the valley of 
the Wardwan river, repeating the series of rooks which occur on the south-west 
side of the pass. 
The quartzose sandstones on and near the Margan pass exhibit very beautiful 
examples of “broad ripple;” the large slab of nearly white sandstone, which has 
been placed as a “cairn” on the summit of the pass, is a notable example of this 
ripple; other examples of rippled-marked rocks, covering surfaces of many square 
feet, are also exposed on the road between the pass and Inshin, in the slate series; 
marks which 1 take to be annelid or molluscan tracks may also be occasionally 
observed on some of these ripple-marked slabs. 
It will be observed that the white quartzitic sandstones which occur high up 
in the Panjal series on the Margan pass, have a striking resemblance to part of 
the KIol series which I have considered elsewhere (Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., 
Vol. IX, p. 160) as being probably the top of the Panjal series in the outer 
hills; the limestone which underlies the sandstones in the latter region is not, 
however, represented on the Margan pass; it is not impossible that some of these 
