1 
1.] Lydehher: Geology of Kashmir, Kishtwar, and Pangi. 51 
sandstones really belong to tbe carboniferous series like that of Bisbmakam; in 
the absence of fossils, however, I have thought best to class them as silurian. 
Reverting to our section, we find that at the village of Inshin the Wardwan 
I’iver follows for a short distance on the course of an anticlinal axis in the Panjal 
slates, the rocks on the right bank of the river having a south-westerly dip, 
while those on the left bank have a north-easterly dip. Below Inshin the 
anticlinal axis, with a north-westerly strike, continues for a short distance along 
the course of the river, and then, leaving the river, bends down and gains a nearly 
north-and-south strike. Continuing our course below Inshin along the river, after 
leaving the anticlinal, we pass for a short distance across beds with an easterly 
dip; further down the river we cross a synclinal axis, the beds to the eastward 
of this axis having a nearly due westerly dip. As we proceed to the eastward 
the rocks, which at first consi.sted of bluish slates and slaty sandstones, become 
gradually more and more micaceous and metamorphosed, until we come upon 
an anticlinal axis of gneiss, with a north-and-sorrth strike, about seven miles 
above Maru; the gneiss, with mica-schists and micaceous slates or shales, con¬ 
tinues in a series of minor synclinals and anticlinals as far as Maru. 
To the north of Inshin the Panjal series continues as far as the old fort of 
Bassman, where those rocks are again underlaid by gneiss. 
It will be observed from the above that no hard-and-fast boundary can be 
drawn between the Panjal series on the one hand, and the underlying gneiss 
series on the other,—there being a gradual transition betw^een the two. The 
boundary here and elsewhere between the two series is generally drawn nearest 
to the first band of gneiss; it wdll be noticed in the sequel that many thick masses 
of slaty rocks occur in various places wdthin the gneissic area; in some cases it is 
extremely probable that these masses of slate should be refereed to the Panjal series, 
they having attained their present position by faulting. In an outline survey, 
however, conducted in the hasty and imperfect manner in which that of this part 
of the Himalayas must of necessity be, it is impossible to map in all these outliers. 
Returning for a moment to the ripple-marked rocks of Inshin, we may observe 
that these rocks, which, as we have seen, occur chiefly near the top of the Panjal 
series, must have been deposited in shallow water, and probably in a subsid¬ 
ing area. 
Again taking up our section at the village of Maru, we find that the gneiss 
continues up the Fareiabadi river, with a general northerly strike and westerly 
dip, for some eight or ten miles, beyond which point I was unable to continue 
my survey on account of the vast quantity of snow which then filled the valley; 
in aU parts of the valley the pebbles in the stream consisted entirely of gneiss or 
very similar metamorphic rocks, and it seems to be most probable that the same 
gneissic rocks extend to the summits of the barren and almost inacessible range from 
which the stream takes its course. I may, perhaps, here mention that several 
boiling and sulphurous springs occur about ten miles up the Fareiabadi i-iver, and 
also in several other places of this district. 
The gneiss in the Maru district is either fine-grained or porphyritic; in either 
case indistinguishable in hand specimens from granite; it passes in places into 
mica-schist, micaceous shales, and even into little altered slate, which latter is 
