[vOL. Xl. 
5‘Z Records of the Geuluyical Survey oj India. 
frequently found interstratified with it; in no case, either in this distiict, or in the 
rest of the country here treated of, were veins of granite found penetiating t e 
gneiss. 
Between the villages of Marfi and Hanza the strike of the rocks becomes first 
north-westerly, and lower down again almost due north, following in this respect 
very nearly the course of the Wardwan river; the rocks on both banks have a 
north-easterly or easterly dip, while an anticlinal axis runs near the summit of the 
ridge on the right bank. The prevailing rock at Maru is gneiss, while at Hanza 
white and massive quartzite is the most common. 
At the bend of the Wardwan river, near the village of Lopar the strike of 
the metamorphic rocks again becomes north-westerly with a low north-easterly 
dip; an anticlinal and a synclinal fold are crossed in the southerly-flowing por¬ 
tion of the Wardwan river below Lopar; below this synclinal there is a low 
north-easterly dip, w'hich continues as far as the village of Krur; there is much 
contortion of the rocks at Lopar. Gneiss is the most prevalent rock in the series 
of this district, it is generally very massive and granitoid, and most especially at 
the village of Ekali; below the latter village the gneiss is underlaid by whitish 
q uartzites very like those before mentioned as occurring higher up at the village 
of Hanza. 
At the village of Krur we come upon an abrupt Junction, apparently a faulted 
anticlinal axis, with a north-westerly direction; the rocks on the southern side of 
this faulted anticlinal have a south-westerly dip of about seventy degrees, and 
consist of black slates with a few felspathic grains, in striking contrast to the 
gneiss and quartzitic rocks on the north of the same axis; micaceous or black slaty 
beds continue from this fault to Kishtwar, but no distinct beds of gneiss occur 
in the rocks immediately to the south of this fault; though another ridge 
occurs near Mogalmaidan. I have accordingly taken the line of this fault, as the 
boundary between the crystalloid and the slate series, the latter of which will be 
shown subsequently to be the equivalent of the lower paxT of the Panjal series. 
V.— Section fbom Kishtwae to Lahul. 
We may now proceed to trace the rocks of which we have Just been treating 
further up the Chinab valley into British Lahul: at the town of Kishtwar itself 
the rocks are chiefly micaceous or black slates, without any bands of gneiss; an 
anticlinal axis with a north-westerly direction traverses these rocks a little to the 
north of the toAvn. 
In the sharp bend which the Chinab makes immediately above the town of 
Kishtwar, the river cuts directly across the strike of the strata; above this bend, 
however, the river flows towards the north-west, and consequently with the 
strike. In proceeding up the river from Kishtwar we first cross the above-men¬ 
tioned anticlinal, and subsequently a synclinal axis; the rocks are either mica¬ 
ceous or black slates with a few sandstones, either grey or whitish in color; as we 
advance further up the river the rocks become gradually more and more crys¬ 
tallised and metamorphosed ; till at the village of Pias they are chiefly massive 
quartzites passing locally into gneiss ; the lowest beds exposed in the ravines at 
and near this place are of gneiss. This gneiss corresponds to that of the Ward- 
