1 
PAKT 1.] Lydekker : Geology of KasJmir, KiMwar, and Fungi. 5:} 
■wan valley; and the boundary between the crystalline and slate series has 
consequently been drawn a little to the south of the last-mentioned village. 
Near the village of Galha the river cuts obliquely across an anticlinal axis; 
this axis appears to be the continuation of the faulted anticlinal axis occurring on 
the Wardwan river at Krur, to which we have already referred; it does not, 
however, appear to be faulted here; the same anticlinal continues its course 
along the foot of the range to the south of the Chinab in an easterly direction, I 
as far as the town of Atuli, where we shall again have occasion to refer to it. ! 
Between Bias and Seri or Sereri, the rocks consist of granitoid gneiss, mica- j 
schist, and micaceous slates; the lower parts of the tilted beds are frequently > 
more altered than the upper parts of the same beds ; at Seri itself the rocks are ) 
almost entirely granitoid gneiss: further up, at Jar, white quai-tzite is more 
common, and there are various kinds of rocks intermediate in character between 1 
these two; a boiling spring occurs a little above the last-mentioned village. | 
At the junction of the Bhiitna with the Chinab river we find a great variety j 
of metamorphic rocks, among which we may mention gneiss (fine-grained, por- j 
phyritic, or garnetiferous), mica-schist, micaceoms slates, gametiferous shales, j 
quartzites, black slate, with crystals of felspar, gradually passing into gneiss, and j 
little altered slates and shales. ^ 
The anticlinal axis which we have already referred to as traversing the range i 
to the south of the Chinab, cro.sses the latter river at Atiili, and taking a north- j 
easterly direction runs for some distance up the valley of the Bhiitna river, where I 
it appears gradually to die out. The strike of the rocks on the southern side j 
of this anticlinal gi-adually changes, till at Atdli it becomes north-easterly, the 
dip being to the south-east: higher up the Bhiitna river the strike again bends 
round to regain its normal north-westerly direction, the dip being to the north¬ 
east. The rocks on the western side of this anticlinal on the Bhiitna maintain 
their north-westerly strike and north-easterly dip, up to the faulted anticlinal. 
In addition to the evidence of faulting afforded by the different strike of the 
rocks on either side of the Bhiitna anticlinal, we have further proof in the dis¬ 
tinct mineralogical composition of the rocks on the two sides of the river. The j 
rocks on the right bank of the Bhiitna at Atiili are black slaty shales, highly 
impregnated with sulphur and iron ; higher up the river these rocks are succeeded 
by garnetiferous schists and granitoid gneiss ; as far up as the village of Machail 
the rooks are chiefly granitoid gneiss, which appears to extend up to the Uma- 
si-la. The rocks on the left bank of the river at Atuli consist of micaceous 
schists and shales abounding in garnets, and of thick-bedded granitoid gneiss. 
I myself have not crossed the Umasi-la into Zanskar, but I learn from | 
Mr. Drew’s notes that the gneiss rocks continue across the pass into Zans- j 
kar, as far as the village of Ayting, where they are overlaid by silurian slates, as | 
has already been determined by Dr. Stohckza. It seems, therefore, probable that 
the whole of the great snowy range separating the Chinab valley from Zanskar 
consists of one great core of gneiss. 
I also learn from Mr. Drew’s notes that a few bands of pure white crystalline 
limestone occur interstratified with the gneiss in certain parts of the valley of the 
Bhiitna river. 
