PART 1.] Lydekker: Geoloyy of Kas/iniir, Kinklwar, and Pangi. 
55 
With regard to the transporting power which brought these gneiss blocks 
into their present position, there can, I think, be but little doubt that it was either 
ice or the roots of trees descending some old river. Prom the vast number of 
these blocks, together with the large area over which they extend and the great 
thickness of rock through which they occur, I am strongly inclined to think that 
the former agent must have been the transpoi-ting power, however improbable it 
may appear that ice should once have floated in a sea so near the tropics. We 
must, however, remember that there is a somewhat ])arallel case in the ice-worn 
boulders of the Talchir group in India itself. If the supposition as to the origin 
of these bouldei-s, here put forward, be tenable, it is evident that the old gneissic 
land must have formed elevated mountains, and the temperature of the climate 
was sufficiently low to admit of glaciers descending to the sea-level and bearing 
away with them rock-masses. I may add that the nearest gneissic mass to the 
erratic block near Salgraon is about twenty miles distant, and that the outer por¬ 
tion of this gneiss is conformable with the slate series, and consequently could 
not have afforded the blocks. 
Continuing our course up the Chinab, we cross the before-mentioned synclinal 
between Salgraon and Shell; the north-westerly flowing reach of the river at 
Triloknath runs along an anticlinal axis, and we come across another synclinal 
some seven miles above the latter place. Beyond Triloknath the rocks have a 
south-westerly dip up to and beyond the village of Tandi, where the Chandra and 
Bagha rivers unite ; the rocks have the same general composition in this area as 
below, though hmestone becomes relatively more common. 
Following up the Chandra river, we find that the rocks on the left bank, and 
further up on the right bank also, have a north-easterly dip ; these rocks extend 
southwards to the north side of the Rotang range where they rest conformably 
on gneiss and other metamorphic rocks; limestones are here common in the series. 
The superposition of these Pangi slates and limestones on the metamorphic 
rocks of Kulu has been already noticed by the late Dr. Stolickza (“ Geological 
Observations in Western Tibet,” p. 340), who considered that the former were 
probably of siluiian age. 
Returning now to Tandi, we may trace tlie same gi’oup of slates up the Bagha 
river till they again rest on gneiss; this gneiss, according to Dr. Stoliezka, com¬ 
mences at the village of Kangsir or Kangsar on the Bagha,’ and extends as 
far as the village of Darcha or Daree, beyond which it is overlaid by undoubted 
Silurian rocks. This gneiss on the Bhaga river Dr. Stolickza considers as being 
equivalent to his so-called “central gneiss.” 
We must return again for a moment to Triloknath, and from thence ascend the 
valley to the north of that place, thereby obtaining another cross section of the 
strata; a short distance up the valley the beds with a north-easterly dip cease, and 
we come on beds with a south-westerly dip; these beds, which consi,st of slates and 
sandstones?, form a regular descending series up to the village of TingTat, becom¬ 
ing gradually more and more micaceous; near the latter village we come upon 
' By a mistake at line 7 from the top of page 341 of Dr. Stoliezka’s above-quoted paper, 
the word Chandra has been substituted for Bagha. 
