PART 1.] L^dekker : Geology of Kmhuur, Khltwnr, and, Pamfi. 
57 
occurring below the hornblendic silurians is the equivalent of the central gneiss 
of Darcha at the south-eastern end of the range, and the gneiss of Wardwan; 
the central axis of the range being pure gneiss and the outer parts loss com¬ 
pletely metamorphosed, precisely as we have found to be the case in the Chinab 
district; this identification will be again refeiTed to. 
I may also observe that I find from Mr. Drew’s notes that the hornblendic 
rocks in the neighbourhood of Dras very much resemble some of the Kashmir 
amygdaloids, the probability being that those of Dras swing round between the 
northem extremity of the Suru metamorphic rocks ard the carboniferous rocks 
of the Zoji-la, to join the amygdaloidal silurians of Kashmir: it will, however, 
require a tour in that direction to settle this point. To the nortli of the Dras 
silurians we gather from Dr. Stoliezka that the syenitic rooks belong to an 
entirely different series from the gneissic rocks of the Zanskar range. 
VI.— Section from Kishtwab to Kashmir. 
Returning once again to Kishtwar, we have to cany a section from thence 
into Kashmir, across the Marbal pass. This line of country has been already 
traversed by Dr. Stoliezka, who at page 350 of his often-quoted paper on Western 
Tibet dismisses the subject with the remarks that “ to the east of the Marbal 
pass only metamorphic rocks have been observed all the way to Chambaand 
that “ some of these altered rocks are probably altered silurians, but there is 
every reason to expect that still older formations may be found in them.” 
The Kishtwar and Kashmir section requires a .somewhat fuller examination 
at our hands than the above, as from it alone are we able to connect the .slates 
of Kishtwar and Pangi with the slates and amygdaloids of the Panjal series. 
Between Kishta ai’ and Mogalmaidah the micaceous sandstones and black and 
greenish elates which we have seen to occur at the foi’mer place continue; the 
anticlinal axis which runs a little to the north of Kishtwar is continued near 
the road, and beyond Mogalmaidan its strike bends upwards to the north. The 
section at and beyond the latter place is somewhat obscured by forest, but it 
apjDears probable that the middle of this anticlinal is occupied by a ridge of granit¬ 
oid gneiss overlaid by slates; to the south-west of Mogalmaidan, we have an 
ascending series of slates about halfway up to Khashimarg station; the second 
half of this section being occupied by a descending section of similar rocks, 
which rest on granitoid gneiss at Pipran station; the latter gneiss seems to be 
continuous with the gneiss which I have described in my paper on the Geology of 
the Pir Panjal as underlying the rocks of the Panjal series at Banihal. In the 
upper half of the slate series between Mogalmaidan and Khashimarg there occur 
numerous beds of the characteristic Pir Panjal amygdaloids and conglomerate. 
Leaving the gneiss beyond Mogalmaidan on the Kashmir road, we pass over 
an ascending series of slates and amygdaloids, with baniLs of conglomerate for 
a considerable distance; an anticlinal axis passing through these rocks near 
Singpur ; these slates and amygdaloids belong to the typical Panjal series. 
Beyond Singpdr we come upon a series of greenish slates and 8and.stones, 
with a north-easterly dip, in which about six miles to the east of the Marbal pass^ 
I found a considerable number of specimens of Productus, Spirifer, and other cur- 
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