58 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[voL. XI. 
boniferous fossils. These rooks are the continuation of the carboniferous series 
of Kashmir. They appear to be faulted in between the rocks of the Panjal 
.series, from which they are distinguished by the absence of the amygdaloids, so 
characteristic of the latter, by the slates being thin-bedded and banded, in place 
of thick-bedded, by the presence of beds of chert or limestone, and by their cha- 
racteilstic fossils, when the latter occnr- 
Tlie beds with the noi-th-easterly dip continue along the road till we get near 
to the Marbal pass, where we cross obliquely an anticlinal axis in nearly vertical 
carboniferous rocks; the same axis continuing into Kashmir and joining \yith 
the axis previously noticed as occurring to the south of Nowbug. A small patch 
of carboniferous limestone occurs to the south-east of Ail station; and a bed of 
the .same limestone is interstratified with the slates on the left of the road on the 
eastern side of the Marbal pass. The ridge on which Ail station is placed con¬ 
sists of rocks of the Panjal series, with a north-easterly dip. 
On the Kashmir side of the Marbal pass the carboniferous rocks contain 
more cherty beds, in which fossils are extremely numerous; near Wankringi 
lialting-gTOund there occurs a thick band of conglomerate in the same rocks ; and 
some of the sandstones are ripple-marked. Below the last-named locality the 
Panjal rocks, with the same north-easterly dip, bend down to the southyvard; the 
Tausan stream forming the boundary between the two series, as far as the village 
of Wyl, where the carboniferous rocks strike obliquely across the ridge to the 
north-east of that place, beyond which we have already described them in the 
section from Kashmir to Ward wan. 
The carboniferous rocks to the south of Wyl have a south-westerly dip ; north 
of that village the dip is to the north-east; an anticlinal axis continuous with 
that before noticed near Sagam running along the ridge to the north of Wyl. 
The Panjal rocks to the north-east of the Tansan river arc composed almost 
exclusively of amygdaloids; the carboniferous rocks below Marbal are almost 
entirely limestones. 
From the above it is evident that we must amend Dr. Stoliezka’s statement, 
given at page 350 of his “ Observations in Western Tibet,” that the carboniferous 
rocks do not extend to the eastward of the Marbal pass (i. e., if the word pass is 
used in its normal sense to signify the “crest”). The occurrence of limestone and 
carboniferous fossils six miles to the east is a sufficient proof of this error. 
The slajty and sandy carboniferous rocks of the Marbal pass, abounding in 
fossils, seem to replace the limestones of the valley of Kashmir, and, as we have 
already seen, may probably be considered as the littoral deposits of the basin in 
wliich the limestones were laid down. 
VII.— General conclusions. 
From a perusal of the facts detailed in the foregoing sections, and fi'om the 
Memoirs of Dr. Stoliezka, Mr. Medlicott, and myself ‘ on the rocks of different 
*Stoliczka: Mem. Gool. Surv. India, Vol. V. 
Medlicott: Do. do. do. do., Vol. III. 
Do. Rec. do. do. do., Vol. IX. 
Do. Geology of Kumaoii and Garlnval in Memoir on Hill Districts of N.-W. Provinces. 
Lydekkcr : Kce. Gcol. Surv. India, Vol, IX. 
