PART 1.] Lyclehker: Geology of Kashmir, Kishkvar, and Pangi. 
59 
districts in the Himalaya, we may draw the following general conclusions as to 
the older Palceozoio rocks of our present area, viz. :— 
That the Pfr Panjal range consists of a series of silnrian slates and 
amygdaloids resting on a core of gneiss. 
That the same rocks are continued into Kishtwar, where they rest on the 
gneiss of the Zanskar ridge, and that they also have the same relations in the 
Ward wan valley. 
That the same rocks extend to the eastward, where they rest on the gneiss of 
the Dhaoladhar range. 
That the same rocks recur on the northern side of Kashmir, where they are 
overlaid by carboniferous and newer rocks. 
That the gnoissoid rocks of Shru are continued down the Wardwan valley, 
extend to Pangi, and are apparently continuous with the “ central” gneiss of the 
Bagha river. 
That the Pangi slates have the same relationship to the gneiss of Pangi and 
Kdlii as have the silnrian Panjals to the gneiss of Wardwan. 
That the slaty rocks on the northern side of the Zanskar range have the 
same relation to the gneiss as have those on the south side, and that consequonily 
if the gneiss of the two areas he of the same age, the overlying rocks will also he 
of the same age. 
Our next point is to consider how those various rock-groups are to he con¬ 
nected together, and also as to what horizon in the geological series they belong. 
Before proceeding further, it will be Avell to remind the reader that Dr, 
Stoliezka determined two distinct horizons of gneiss in the Himalaya; one of 
these kinds of gneiss is to he found on the right hank of the Indus in Ladak, 
and since it conformably underlies carboniferous rocks is supposed to represent 
altered silnrian strata. The second kind of gneiss was named by Dr. Stoliezka 
“central gneiss,” and according to that author' “is overlaid by undoubted 
Silurian rocks,” though w-e are not told whether the overlying rocks are con¬ 
formable or unconformable to the gneiss. This “ central gneiss” was at first sup¬ 
posed to be characterised by being traversed by veins of albite-granite, but as 
might have been supposed, this turned out to be a somewhat local character. It 
is not therefore apparent whether the “central gneiss” was supposed to have been 
gneiss at the time of the deposition of the silnrian series or not; if, as I have 
suggested above, the gneiss blocks which occur in the Pangi slates were derived 
from the neighbourhood, it is evident that they must have been derived from 
gneissic rocks, which existed as such at the commencement of the deposition of 
the Panjals, and which, if the “ central gneiss” really conformably underlies the 
Silurians, must be older than the former. 
Now, we have already seen that Dr. Stoliezka unhesitatingly recognised the 
gneiss of Darcha as being “central gneiss,” and also that he conjectured that the 
gneissic rocks of Siirii belonged to the same group, and it is quite clear that the 
latter underlie conformably the slate series, which we presume to be of silun'an 
age ; if this identification be valid, the “ central gneiss” must also underlie the 
Silurians conformably. 
* Geologica.1 Obsorvfitioiis in We.stern Tibet, p. 31.1. 
