01 
PART 1.] Lydekker: Geology of Kas/unir, Kiahiwar, and Pangi. 
fossil evidence) as being sihirian ; we have traced the same rocks into the Ward- 
wan, and also into the Kishtwar country, and it is probably the same slate series 
w'hich overlies the gneiss of the Dhaoladhar. 
With regard to the slates and limestones of Pangi, we find that they rest upon 
gneissic rocks in the Kilar district, which gneissic rocks are almost certainly 
the same as those of the Pir Panjal, which, as we have seen, underlie conformably 
the Silurian slate series; it is therefore probable that the Pangi series is also of 
Silurian age. If, as we have suggested, the Darcha gneiss is older than the Kilar 
gneiss, there will be unconfoinnability in the junction of the slate and gneiss in 
the one area, and conformabiHty in the other, which would also lead to the in¬ 
ference that the Cambrian gneiss is totally unrepresented at Darcha, unless some 
of the lower slates be its equivalent. 
The Pangi slates were considered by Dr. Stoliezka, to be in all probability the 
equivalents of the silmians of Lahiil which “overlie” the “central gneiss;” the 
Silurians of Lahul are continuous with those of the Padam valley, which, as far 
as I can gather, overlie Cambrian gneiss on the northern side of the Zanskar 
range, exactly as do the Pangi slates on the southern side. Although the ab¬ 
sence of fossils from the latter group, as far as we know at present, may be consi¬ 
dered by some as leaving the question open to doubt, the probability as to their 
Silurian age is to my mind very strong indeed. 
We have seen that the valley of Kashmir is bounded generally by interstrati- 
fied trap and silurian slates, inten-upted along the axis and to the north-west by 
carboniferous limestone, and more massive trappoid rocks; at the north-western 
end of the valley we have seen conclusively that the carboniferous rocks occupy a 
synclinal in the Silurians and it is probable that they have the same relations at 
the Marbal pass to the south-east. This would lead us to infer that the axis of 
the valley of Kashmir lies along a synclinal; the normal relations of the 
rocks having, however, in several places, been miich disturbed. 
If we admit the foregoing references, the following table will approximately 
represent the chronological succession of the palteozoic strata in the area under 
consideration, as far as we are at present able to classify them :— 
Slates of Miirhal pass ... ... ... ...-v 
Limestooes of Islamabad and Manasbal; slates and limestones of’^Carboniferous. 
Eishmakam and Lidar valley ... ... ...J 
Slates of Lahul 
Slates and limestones of Pangi ... 
Slates of Kishtwar 
Slates and trappoid rocks of Pfr Panjal 
Trappoid rocks of Kashmir 
^Silurian. 
Gneiss of Pir Panjal ... ... ... ...> 
Upper gneiss of Ward wan and Zanskar range ... ...> Cambrian. 
Kulu gneiss ... ... ... 
Central gneiss of Darcha 
Lower gneiss of Wardwan and Zanskar range 
Dhaoladhar gneiss ... 
\ 7?j/Va-silurian, but 
\ exact age not 
) determined. 
