TART 1.] 
Ljjdekker: Nuhces of Sncahk Mammals. 
65 
tlie very highest of the mioceno. Their mammalian fauna is nearest to that of 
the miocene of Europe, and does not contain, as far as we know, any of the 
modern forms which occur in the Siwaliks of the Punjab, which may probably 
be considered to be higher up in the older pliocene. The occurrence of a largo 
number of mammalian genera which are confined to the miocene in Europe, 
in the pliocene of India, is paralleled by what occurs accoi’ding to Professor 
Marsh in Noi’th America, where European miocene mammals occur in the older 
pliocene.! 
The mammalian tertiary fauna of Sind is characterized most especially by 
the presence of great numbers of both bunodont and selenodont pig-liko animals, 
the majority of which are, however, unfortunately only known to us (with the 
exception of those genera which also occur in Europe) by isolated teeth. 
These same Siwalik or Manchhar beds also contain the remains of Dinotheriunt, 
in considerable abundance; in India this genus is elsewhere known only from 
Kach, Kushalghar, and Perim Island, from beds which are probably low in the 
Siwalik series. In the Sind area Mastodon and Hipj^otherium are common, and 
two teeth of the miocene genus Amphieyon have also been found there. 
Of the modern and existing genera JEJueleplias, Equus, Bos, Buhalus, Capra, 
and Hippopota/mns, which are so characteristic of the typical upper Siwaliks, I am 
not aware that any remains have been obtained from the Manchhar beds. The 
only two living genera of Mammals of which we have clear evidence as occurring 
in these beds are Ehinoceros and Sus, both of which have existed since the miocene 
epoch. 
From the still older marine Gaj beds, Mr. Feddcn has this year obtained a 
pai't of a skull and three upper molars of Rhinoceros sivalensis; the specimen 
was obtained at a considerable distance below the Manchhar horizon, but its 
precise position, Mr. Fedden tolls me, could not be defined, owing to the irregu¬ 
larity of the thickness of the beds in different localities and the absence of 
the Manchhars at this spot. This Rhinoceros is thus proved to have been one of 
the earlie.st of the Siwalik Mammals, having lived in the Gufj period. 
In the Siwaliks of the Punjab Mr. Theobald seems to have proved pretty 
clearly from the sections sent down with the fossils, that in this region the 
greater number of extinct genera do occur in the lower beds of the series, while 
the greater number of living genera occur higher up; this idea cannot, however, 
be thoroughly worked out, owing to the fact that the fossils occurring in one bed 
are washed out and mingled with those from another. I imagine that this 
confusion is especially the case with the very few fossils which occim below 
the great fossiliferous zone, as they are generally picked up by native collectors and 
mixed with those from other zones. The lower beds, like those of Nurpurand 
Kushalghar from which Amph'eyon and Diuotherium have been obtained, are 
very probably the equivalents of the Manchhars. 
Hitherto all, or nearly all, the Siwalik fossils seem to have been found as 
isolated bones; during the past season, however, Mr. Theobald has discovered a 
bed at Niki in the Punjab, where a vast number of associated bones of many 
* Address to American Science Institution, New-Haven, 187V, p. 24. 
I 
