PART 2.] Blanford: On the Geology of Sind. 171 
Amongst the most important additions are, VicdTya vemeioili., found by Mr. Pedden 
in some of the npper beds of the Gaj section; a small crab, Tijpilohus granu¬ 
losus, originally described by Dr. Stoliczka from Cntch,' and several of the corals 
described by Professor Martin Duncan in 1864. All tend to support the opinion 
that the Gaj beds are miocene, and rather upper than lower miocene. 
Manchhar group.—The additions to our knowledge of this group are of more 
importance. Some of the most interesting have been already noticed in these 
“ Records ” and in the “ Palffiontologia Indica ” in the shape of descriptions by 
Mr. Lydekker® of the mammalian remains obtained by Mr. Pedden and myself. 
During the last season that I was engaged in Sind, Hira Lai, one of the native 
assistants of the Survey, was attached to my camp, and he succeeded in finding 
a considerable number of specimens, chiefly small fragments, but including 
several teeth. Some Balueh shepherds also, living along the Laki range, were 
induced to collect, and altogether, although the bones and teeth are rare, and 
but few of those found are recognizable, sufficient material was collected to 
enable a considerable number of species to be identified by Mr. Lydekker. Hie 
(jouiparison of these with the comparatively well known Siwalik fauna has 
shown a striking difference; most of the species being different, and the general 
facies of the Manchhar fauna being much older. This distinction is, I think, 
explained by the geology. 
The possibility of a sub-division of the Manchhar gronp was noticed in 1876.* 
Although it is very difficult to draw an absolute line of separation, there can 
now be no doubt that the Manchhars may be divided, somewhat roughly it is 
true, into an upper and a lower sub-group. The lower consists mainly of the 
characteristic grey sandstone, with occasional red sandstones, and, towards the 
base, brown or grey and red clays 5 the latter, however, are of small thickness 
compared with similar beds in the upper sub-group. Conglomeratic bands are 
common, and ai-e frequently ossiferous, but they chiefly contain nodules of clay 
and soft sandstone, and no nummulitic limestone pebbles have been detected in 
them. It is from these beds that nearly all the mammalian fossils found in 
the Khirthar range have been derived. 
The upper sub-gi’oup, where it is best seen in the northern portion of the 
Khirthar range, is thicker than the lower, and consists principally of bods of orange 
and bx’own clay, with subordinate bands of sandstone and conglomerate. The 
sandstones ai’e usually light brown, but occasionally grey beds occur, like those 
characteristic of the lower .sub-division. The highest part of the fonnation 
contains more sandstone and conglomerate, and the whole is capped by the massh'e 
conglomerate, which forms the ridge extending along the edge of the Indus 
alluvium. These conglomerates of the upper Manchhars differ from those of 
the lower by containing pebbles of nummulitic and Gaj limestone. Bones 
are rare, and only a few fragments, too imperfect for identification, have been 
found. 
» Pal. Ind., Ser. VII, p. 15, PI. Ill, figs. 3—5. 
2 Ilec. G. S. I., IX, pp. 91, 03, 106; X, pp. 76, 83, 225; XI, pp. 65, 76, 77, 79, &c.; Pal. Iml, 
Scr. X, pt. 2. 
3 Ret, G. S. I., IX, p. 17. 
