T 
172 lieconh of the Geological Survey of India. [vol. xi. 
In lower Sind, whence a large proportion of the mammalian remains have 
been procured, this sub-division of the Manchhars has not been traced; the 
beds are poorly exposed, and it is by no means clear that in this ground, where 
the lowest Manchhars rest unconformably on the Khirthars, the two sub-divisions 
can be distinguished by the presence or absence of nummulitic limestone pebbles. 
Several of the fossil forms, however, are identical with those found in the lower 
Manchhars to the northward, and there can be no reasonable doubt that the 
fossiliferous beds are on the same horizon. That the Manchhar beds are pro¬ 
bably much less developed in lower than in upper Sind is shown by the circum¬ 
stance that the section of the group, w'hich can scarcely comprise less than 
8,000 to 9,000 feet of beds, west of Larkana and Mehar, has diminished to about 
3,000 feet at Tandra Rahim Khan, west of Sehwan. The principal localities 
for fossils are near the Graj, where mammalian remains were first found by 
Vicary, and whence Mr. Fedden obtained several good specimens in 1876. 
Bones have also been found more recently on both sides of the Laki range, 
south of Sehwan. 
It has already been mentioned that an estuarine bed is found at one place 
some 300 or 400 feet above the base of the Manchhars. This is near the ISlari 
Nai, north-wm.st of Sehwan. In lower Sind, and especially near Karachi, 
marine or estnarine bands containing oysters and other shells become of fre- 
(juent occurrence in the Manchhar beds, and some of these bands contain Gaj 
fossils ; so that there is to the sonthward the same transition between Nari 
and Gaj w'hich has already been shown to take place between aU the other 
tertiaiy groups. It is clear that the lower Manchhars are of the same age as the 
Gaj beds, and if, as appears certain, the latter are Miocene, the lower Manchhars 
may be considered as upper Miocene. 
This view is in accordance with the fauna, which includes only three living 
genera, BMnoceros, 8us, and Manis; the generic identification in the last case is 
doubtful, being founded on a single phalange, and both the other forms existed 
in Miocene times. Besides these, Amphiagon, AiUhracotherium, Hyopotamus, 
llyotlierium, some new genera related to Merycopotamus, and I)motherium, are 
found in the Manchhar beds, but not in the Siwahks, wdiilst the living types, 
Bemnopithecus, Macacus, Felis, Hyiena, Urms, Oervus, Bos, Gaptra, Gamelus, Oamelo- 
jiardalis, Eqims, Eleplias, &c., which abound in the Siwaliks, have not been found 
in the Manchhar beds, so that, although several species, such as B.hinoceros palcein- 
dicus, Acerotherimn pterimense, Glialicotherium sivalense, Btis Jiysiulricns, and tw'o 
species of Mastodon, are common to the two, the presence of the much larger 
number of extinct forms, most of which are typically miocene in Europe, and the 
paucity of living genera, stamps the Manchhar fauna as of earlier date than the 
Shvalik. 
Kow, the Manchhar fauna, as has just been shown, occurs in the lowest 
Manchhar bods, wdiilst the Siwalik species are from the upjier portion of the 
group. It is therefore far from improbable that the upper Manchhars reiire- 
seut the Siwaliks. The lower Manchhars may represent the Kiihans of. the 
Sub-Himalayas, or some of the lower portions of the Srivaliks themselves. The 
great distinction between the Manchhar and Siwalik fauna supports Mr. Lydekker’.s 
opinion, that the latter is of Pliocene age. 
