PART 2.] 
Blaiiford: On the Geology of Sl.ud. 
173 
Nothing more has unfortunately been detennined as to the relations between 
the Manchhar and Makran groups. The former has not been traced to the west 
of Cape Monze, near Karachi; at least no such rock could he detected dxrring a 
traverse of the coast as far as Sonmiani made for the purpose of endeavouring to 
trace the connexion between the two formations. Ihe Makran group, on the 
other hand, appears not to extend much to the eastward of Hinglaj, so that there 
is a break between the two of the whole breadth of Sonmiani bay—60 or 70 miles 
at least. Some of the Manchhar beds near Karxichi closely resemble certain 
strata in the Makran group, but the typical whitish marls of the latter have not 
been noticed in Sind. 
General sequence of tertiarij beds in Sind .—We have thus in Sind a great 
sequence of later mesozoic and tertiary rocks, in which, despite the evidence of 
great changes in the conditions under which they W’ere deposited, and despite 
local unconformities, there is no proof of any general break in the sequence 
throughout the province. In some places, as in the Laki hills, where upper 
Pliocene Manchhars rest uneonformably upon middle Eocene Khirthars, there is 
no question that elevation, and in all probability denudation, took place in the in¬ 
terval between the two formations, but elsewhere, as to the westward in the Habb 
valley, and to the northward on the flanks of the Khirthar, the break which 
exists in the Laki hills is represented by an uninterrupted sequence of the Nari 
and Glaj groups. At the close of the tertiaiy period, however, there is a great 
break, and the latest Manchhar (Pliocene) conglomerates are as constantly turned 
on end along the edge of the Indus alluvium as the very similar Siwalik con¬ 
glomerates are in the Punjab. 
The lower portion of the Ranikot beds, the upper Naris, and the Manchhars 
must have been deposited near land, for they contain terrestrial organisms, and all 
are probabl}' fluviatile deposits; whilst the upper Ranikot, Khirthar, lower Naii 
and Graj beds are clearly mai’ine. Of all the marine beds, the Khirthar num- 
muHtic limestone is the most important, and it is, as a rule, remarkably free from 
admixture of sand or other indications of the neighbourhood of land, but, as has 
been shown, this limestone is intercalated with sandstones and shales in lower 
Sind, and it entirely disappears in the south-western part of the province near 
the Habb river. The Gaj beds, on the other hand, are interstratitiod with sand¬ 
stones and shales in the northera part of the province, but have a much more 
distinctly marine aspect to the southward, where limestones prevail. It is pre¬ 
mature to reason broadly as to the changes in the distribution of land and water 
during the tertiary period until the rocks of Baluchistan are better known; all 
that can be done now is to point out the leading facts connected with the evidence 
afforded by the rocks in Sind itself; but it is impossible to avoid calling attention 
to the much greater prevalence of marine conditions during later Eocene and 
Miocene times in Sind than in the Punjab area to the northward, where no marine 
beds of later date than the nummulitic limestone have hitherto been detected. 
