270 
Uecorth of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vOL. XI. 
edge of the mountains ? It is only more to tho east, in the Kashmir territory, 
that it becomes possible to penetrate fui-ther north and obtain more complete 
sections. 
If the road over the Pir Panjal pass bo followed into Kashmir, one meets in 
rising from the plains, first the Siwalik beds, then the various divisions of the 
nummulitic formations, which further to the south-east towards Jummoo and also 
to the north-west towards the Jhilum surround isolated masses of paheozoic 
limestones. Lastly apjiear tho crystalline schists, accompanied by a narrow strip 
of limestone squeezed in between tho schists and tertiary sandstones, and in the 
determination of the age of which one wavers, in the total absence of fossils, 
between the triassic and the silurian sy.stems. The Pir Panjal itself consists 
entirely of crystalline schists, but to the eastward a largish mass of gneiss appears, 
which, according toLydokker, even in its petrological characters, recalls Stoliezka’s 
central gneiss, as veins of albite granite are found included in it.^ A part of tho 
schists will doubtless have to bo reckoned as belonging to the older pateozoic 
formations. I am acquainted with no particulars about tho northern slope of tho 
Pir Panjal, but it is probable that it also consists of metamorphic schists. 
On the noibh side of the Kashmir valley, which is filled with alluvial forma¬ 
tions, the succession of rocks recommences with carboniferous limestone and older 
pala30zoic schists,^ under which, further to tho north, ohloritic schists appear, which 
wore regardeil by Stoliezka as silurian. Still further north, overlying tho pahno- 
zoic bods, follow triassic limestones, which, inteiTupted here and there by carboni¬ 
ferous limestones, extend to Pan Dras in tho valley of tho Dras river, wdiere they 
ai'O replaced by silurian beds, which finally rest, to the northward of Dras, on 
hornblendic rocks and true syenite, which here composes tho second ci-ystalline 
zone.® 
Another section follows a line from the Indian plain across Simla to Spiti 
and Rupshu, Tho first zone of rocks wdiich borders tho plain again consists of 
Siwalik beds, followed by a groat extent of nummulitic beds. Under these lies 
an extraordinarily varied “complex” of limestones, sandstones, schists and clay- 
slates, -which appear to bo in the most varied stages of motamorphism, and 
which I shall have to discuss more closely further on. The ridges around Simla 
are composed of these schists.* They rest upon true crystalline schists, numerous 
varieties of which boi'der the banks of the Sutlej up to tho Wangtu bridge. 
From this latter point commences Stoliezka’s “ central gneiss,” which constitutes 
tho main mass of hi.s Pir Panjal ranges. To the north of this mountain range 
comes in tho whole series of sedimentaiy formations in regular succession rqi to 
the cretaceous rocks. They occupy the whole area of Spiti, and have the highest 
summits in tho Baralatzc range. Older rocks reappear gradually in Rupshn, and 
' Lydekker t Records Geol. Sai'v. of India, Vol. IX. 
® Godwiii-Austeu: Quart. Journ., Geol. Socy. London, XXII, p. 29; Stoliezka: Mom. Geol. 
Surv. of India, V, p. 350, 
^ Stoliezka : Mem. Geol. Surv, of India, V, p. 348. 
■’ Medlicott; Mem. Geol. Surv. of India, Vol. III. 
