PART 4.] Waagen: Geographical dislrihdion of fossil organisms in India. 273 
Indian sedimentary deposits. Genuine marine deposits -with numerous marine 
fossils were described from the North-Western Himalaya and afterwards from the 
Salt Range and the Khyber pass. Thereby the extent and the distribution of 
the marine facies are also indicated. The other facies is found in the Indian pe¬ 
ninsula proper, where it occu])ies important areas. 
The most typical region for the genuine marine development of the palceozoic 
formations is cei-tiiinly Spiti, and it may perhaps not be superfluous to describe 
more fully, though briefly, the petrological characters and the succession of the 
beds of that ground. On crossing the bridge over the Sutlej at Wangtu, one 
enters the region of the gneiss composing the Pir Panjal range. To the north¬ 
ward, and therefore to the north of the first crystalline zone, the gneiss is suc¬ 
ceeded by ovcrljdng blue clayslatos and sandstones, 3,000 feet in thickness, and 
which have hitherto yielded no fossils. Higher up appear lighter colored quart¬ 
zites and quartzitic sandstones with subordinate beds of cellular dolomitic lime¬ 
stone. Bad impressions of an Orthh were found at one place in the sandstones. 
Over these again lie greenish and bluish highly micaceous sandstones wdth in¬ 
termediate calcareous and slaty beds with obscure remains of Brachiopoda. These 
beds close the Baboh series, the lowest member of the succession of beds in Spiti. 
As the next member in upward succession Stoliczka recognizes the Math series. 
This has a total thickness of about 1,000 feet, and begins with dark red sandstones 
and conglomerates, over which are light colored sandy limestones containing nu¬ 
merous very badly preserved fossils. The uppermo.st division of the series con¬ 
sists of white quartzites which have hitherto yielded no fossils. 
The last member of the palasozoic formations in Spiti, the Ruling series, is 
comjoosed of brown crumbling slates intorstratified among w'hite quartzites. The 
entire thickness amounts to about 400 feet. The quartzites are very rich in well 
preserved fossils. Stoliczka has correlated the Bhabeh and Muth series with the 
Silurians, and the Kuling series with the carboniferous limestone.* 
These beds, althoiigh inten-upted by great gaps, may be followed eastward^ as 
well as westward* to the north of the first crystalline zone with characters to a 
certain extent similar, though variously changed by metamorphism. 
Perfectly different from the development first described is that of the palmo- 
zoic beds south of the first ciystallinc zone. We have a detailed work by Medli- 
cott on these regions, which is extended by a later one by Lydekker. It might 
appear strange that I should designate these deposits simply as palinozoic. I must 
therefore state my reasons for this more fully. The succession of the formations 
which adjoin the first ciystalline zone to the soirthward is very difiicult to deter¬ 
mine, as, on the one hand, fossils are enthely wanting, and, on the other, the beds 
appear greatly altered by metamorphism. As far as it has as yet been possible 
to explain the succession of bods, it appears to be as follows. The youngest depo¬ 
sits which cannot be reckoned as belonging to the nummulitics, are light coloured 
* .Stoliczka; .\Ieui. Geol. Surv. of India, V, pji. IG-29. 
^ Strachey : Quart. Journ., Gcol. Soc. Loudon, VII. 
® Stoliczka : Mein. Geol. Snrv. of India, V, pp. 341, 344, 348. 
