276 
Records of the Geological Surrey of India. 
[voL. XI. 
Lydekker’s work in the region west of Simla is of the highest interest. 
In a section across the Pir Panjal from Snrn to Shahahad in Kashmir,^ he 
distinguished as Cambrian certain crystalline schists overlying the gneiss, and 
above them as silurian, a series consisting of dark-red and white quartzites, 
dark soft schists or slates with caihonaceous stains and feiTuginons concretions, 
50 to 200 feet thick, and dark clayey, often bituminous limestones which pass 
up into thick black clayslates. These beds are cut off (on the south) by a 
fault, and are succeeded immediately by tertiary rocks, out of which, however, 
a thick limestone reef (the great limestone) protrudes, which shows itself by 
the presence of Fenestella as belonging probably to the mountain limestones. 
Still further westward, on the Jhilum, apparently only the limestones of the 
Silurian series remain, which are there regarded by Wynne as triassic. 
About the palseozoic beds of the neighbourhood of Abbotabad, and still 
further west, there is little to be said ; they are thick dark clayslates with in¬ 
termediate sandy beds which were designated by myself and Wynne as Attock 
Slates, because they attain a great development on the Indus near Attock. In 
the direct strike of these beds lie the beds of the Khyber Pass, from which 
Silurian fossils are quoted by Godwin-Austen.® 
Of the deposits of the first facies only the palceozoic beds of the Salt Range 
remain, which require to be more closely discussed. The Salt Range is in many 
respects a most interesting district, because it is here that transition formations 
between the deposits of the two facies are exposed. In the western part of the 
Salt Range the palaeozoic formations are as follows : At the top lie brownish-yellow 
sandy clayey calcareous beds, with intermediate harder beds, about 100 feet thick, 
which contain innumerable fossils, and among them the Cephalopoda described by 
me. Below these follow compact limestones with numei’ous Producta, &c., about 
200 feet thick; then follow sandstones with intermediate carbonaceous beds and 
numerous fossils, with a maximum thickness of from 150 to 200 feet. Under 
these lie violet clays with hard marls and inclusions of red and green sandstones 
often of considerable thickness, even up to 300 feet. 
They are underlaid by dark red sandstones, often as much as 300 feet in 
thickness. Bright red marls with gj-psum and rock-salt form the base of the 
whole series of beds. It may be seen already from this succession of beds that 
the older palseozoic rocks along the whole length of the Salt Range are developed 
with a facies corresponding to the peninsular type, for the saliferous beds and the 
overlying sandstones are equally developed tlu’oughout the whole Salt Range, only 
in the western part are the sandstones replaced by conglomerates. Above the 
red sandstones, however, follow, in the eastern part of the Salt Range, fii-st of all 
a series of carbonaceous sandstones -with fucoids and a small brachiopod most nearly 
allied to Oholus, from which Wynne has concluded prematurely that the beds are 
silurian. Higher uj) we find a very thick series of sandstones, shales, dolomitic 
1 Lydekker ; Eecords Greol. Surv. of India, IX, p. 161. 
2 Godvvin-Austen : Quart. Journ. Gool. Soc. London, XXII, p. 20 ; AVaagen and Wynne : 
Mem. Geol. Snrv. of India, TX, p. 334. 
