PART 1 .] 
Aiimial Bqwrt for 1878. 
7 
It is independently a most puzzling circumstance, how such great overlap, 
as that described within the sedimentary series in the Aurunga basin, can bo 
attended by so little evidence of unconformity in adjoining gi-oirnd. Mr. Rail’s 
supposition that much disturbance and denudation, whereby the chain of coal- 
basins of the Damuda valley were defined, and whereby the deposition of the 
upper sandstone was limited to that depression, intervened before the deposition 
of the upper sandstone, almost increases the difficulties of the case in the absence 
of any evidence for such unconformity as must have attended that event. 
The most distinct case of apparent disturbance-unconformity observed by 
Mr. Ball (1. c., p. 87) is between the upper sandstone and the Panchets, not 
between it and the lower coal-measures. It is still an open question whether the 
apparent anomalies of these sections may not be largely traced to original 
(pre-Gondwana) conditions of the surface. 
Godavari region .—Prom the foregoing remarks it will bo understood that the 
distinction of ui^per and lower Gondwana rocks in the Damuda region is still 
presumptive, based principally on the supposed equivalence of the top sand¬ 
stone of the series with the undoubted upper Gondwfina sand.stone of the 
detached area to the north-east, in the Rajmahal hills, and upon occasional 
cases of overlap-unconformity in the Damuda coal-fields. But similar uncon¬ 
formity and groat irregularity occurs also in the upper groups of the recognized 
lower Gondwanas of the Damuda region; while the most marked lithological 
change and overlap-unconformity in the midland and southern Gondwana regions 
is found within the lower Gondwana series, between the coal-measures and the 
Kiimthi-Hengir sandstones, which in this direction present the most marked 
analogue of the top sandstone of Palamow. 
In the Godavai-i region the fixing of this middle Gondwana horizon has 
been for some time, and is still, a great puzzle. On the lower Godavari it 
seemed to be made out by Mr. King, between the local representatives of the 
Kamthi group and the Golapilli sand.stones, containing a Rajmahal flora; and 
kir. King thought he identified this gi'oup on the Prsinhita, just above its con¬ 
fluence with the Godavari, in the sandstone of Sironcha, having found Golajrilli 
fossils in what he took to be a top baird of this sandstone at Anaram, near 
Kota, not far below the well known Lepidotus hmestoue of that place (Rec. 
G. S. I., Vol. X, p. 55). 
Working from the north, Mr. Hughes found no upper Gondwana rocks in the 
Wardha coahbasin, but at the southern edge of that area, on the lower Wardha, 
about Porsa, the Kamthis are overlaid by red clays, which are identified with the 
well known Gerutodm clays of kfalcri. This formation spreads rapidly to the 
south. It is locally covered on the east by the plateau-forming conglomeratic 
sandstones of Chikiala, resting against Vindhyan I’ocks; and to the west it 
extends far up the Jangaon valley, gradually overlapping the Kamthi strata, 
so as to rest against Vindhyans, and then passes under the Deccan trap. Here, 
too, plant fossils of decided upper Gondwana type wore found, so that on this 
cross-section the whole Gondwana area, 50 miles wide, is occupied by well 
