PART 1.] Lydelilcer : Geology of Kashmir. 21 
fcrous limestone I estimate here at 3,000 feet in thickness, and the triassic as 
from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. 
Down the Tilail valley, nearly to the Burzil (Boorzil) river, the blue carboni¬ 
ferous limestone continues a little to the south of the Kishenganga, overlying the 
slates, and itself overlaid by the dolomitic limestones of the trias ; these latter, 
more especially in the pass between Dras and Tilail, from their uniform and homo¬ 
geneous character, weather into grand tower-like cliffs and crags, showing very 
little signs of stratification. The banded carboniferous limestones, on the other 
hand, which generally contain intercalated beds of slate, weather into bands 
parallel to the stratification. 
On the right bank of the Kishenganga river in Tilail, there is an anticlinal axis 
a little north of the limestone series, and again, beyond this, a synclinal axis ; in 
this synclinal axis there occurs a broken line of presumably carboniferous lime¬ 
stone. To the north of this .synclinal I have traced the slate series, w'hich has a 
generally southerly dip, to the summit of the Tilail watershed j black slates here 
form the higher portions of the series, while sandstones and gifts are more common 
lower down. Lower down the Kishenganga valley, during a shooting tour made in 
1874, I also traced the same slate series to the watershed of the Kelah Shai and 
Satani streams; it is therefore apparent that this Silurian slate series extends to 
the northern w^atershed of the Muski and Kishenganga valleys, from Dras to the 
Burzil river. I may mention that in the fine-grained black slates which occur 
high up in the Kelah Shai valley, I found in 1874 obscure organic impressions 
W'hich I thought might possibly belong to GnqitoUtes. 1 have unfortunately 
since lost these specimens, so that I cannot confirm tliis opinion. 
Returning to the middle of the Tilail valley, near the village of Bodagram, we 
find that green amygdaloids like those of the PirPanjalare of common occurrence 
in the slate series, from which 1 think we may safely conclude that the Dras and 
Panjal series are of the same age. This coincides with the inference drawn as 
to the age of the Dras slates from their relations to the triassic dolomites. 
We have now to take an oblique cross-section through the great limestone 
series, from the village of Bodagram in Tilail to Sonamarg in the Sind valley. 
In crossing the ridge on the left bank of the Kishenganga, separating that river 
from the Lahani stream, we first pass over a continuously ascending series of light 
blue carboniferous limestones with a southerly dip; as we descend on the opposite 
side of the ridge into the Lahani valley, we find these blue lime.stones succeeded 
conformably by bands of white dolomitic limestones, pure blue limestones, green 
slates, and a peculiar white slaty limestone. On the Lahani stream there occurs 
a thick band of brownish slates; these and other slates intermingled with a few 
bands of limestone, with the same southerly dip, extend halfway up the ridge 
separating the Lahani from the Gadasir stream ; here we find the slates overlaid 
by white, buff, and blue dolomites and limestones. Crossing the ridge into the 
Gadasir vallev, we come upon a synclinal axis, and as w'e descend we cross the 
same beds in a reversed direction. The lowest of these northerly dipping beds, 
