PAKT 1 .] 
Li/dchher: Geology of Kashmir. 
23 
water bursts forth. These springs, which have a temperature of about 60° F., 
in great part supply the two small lakes called Kishan-Sar above referred to. 
These lakes are situated at an elevation of a little short of 13,000 feet above the 
sea; and my guide from Tilail told mo that they never freeze, even in winter, 
which is owing to their being supplied by these springs whose temperature I 
presume to be nearly constant. I at the same time paid a visit to another small 
lake called Gurasar-Nag, within the Silurian area, and consequently off the line 
of springs; in this lake, which is situated at about the same elevation as the 
others, I found, at the latter part of August, huge masses of snow floating about 
in the water, and the temperature of the water at freezing point, while the tem¬ 
perature of the water of Kishan-Sar I estimated at over 40° F., though glaciers 
drain into it. 
From these facts there can be little doubt but that the above referred to line 
of springs is of veiy deep-seated origin, which is strongly in favor of their being 
forced up from the depths of a fault between the limestone and slate series. 
I may mention in passing that the mountain lakes refei-red to above are 
situated in hollows, the mouths of w'hich are dammed by the moraines of old 
glaciei's, of the former existence of which there are here abundant evidences. 
Returning once more to our section, it finstly remains to mention that the 
band of carboniferous cherty limestone, described in my former paper as occur¬ 
ring at the top of the slate series at Gaggangan (Gungungan) in the Sind valley, 
and thence continued to the norib-west, dies out across the watershed of the Sind 
valley, and the amygdaloidal Silurians of the Shalian ridge consequently come 
into immediate contact with the slates of the Sind valley, though I am unable to 
say whether or no the fault is continued. 
It now remains to consider the limestone series near Gurais, but before 
doing so it will be simpler to carry a section from the valley of Kashmir to the 
latter place, in order that we may the more thoroughly understand the sequence. 
Starting from Kralpiir (Kralpoora) on the Gurais and Astor road, we find near 
that village, that the rocks consist chiefly of amygdaloids and slates, an anticlinal 
axis running through them close to the village. Between Kralpiir and the halting 
place of Tragbal, the rocks have a general flat noriherly dip; the amygdaloidal 
rocks become relatively fewer as we ascend, and are replaced by green and black 
or brown slates and sandstones; above Tragbal the rocks consist almost entirely 
of black slates which preserve the same north-easterly dip tiU we apijiroach a 
synclinal axis, near the pass, which is again shortly followed by an anticlinal 
axis. Descending from the pass towards Kanzalwan, after a few miles we come 
upon a band of micaceous and gneissoid rocks, with a northerly dip, apiparently 
overlying the black slates. It is, however, quite possible that a fault may occur at 
the base of these gneissoid rocks, and they may consequently be at the base of the 
slates. There is, I think, from its mineral character, little doubt but that this 
gneiss is the same as that of the PirPanjal, which 1 have considered in my former 
papera to be at the base of the slates. Irresjjectivc of any other considerations, 
it would be extremel}' improbable that a band of gneiss, in localities so far apart 
