PAUT 1.] 
Lyclehker: Geology of Kashmir. 
25 
out that some of these Dras and Le crystallines are the representatives of some 
of the crystallines in Sum and Lahul, where thex’e is a probability of rocks of two 
ages being intermingled. ^ 
The unusually wide area over which the Pir Panjal conglomerate (if that 
of Pangi be the same) extends in the slate series, is a very remarkable circum¬ 
stance, and must clearly be due to some very wide-spread cause. In the Pangi 
district I have elsewhere stated that it seemed to me to be extremely probable 
that ice action has been connected with its production, and considering its wide 
distribution in Kashmir, I am beginning to think whether we must not have 
recourse to some similar tran.sporting power there, though I have at present no 
positive proofs to bring forward. The occurrence of gneiss (or syenite ?) pebbles 
in the conglomerate of the Pir Panjal, which, we have seen, cannot belong to the 
gneiss of that district, may be considered as tending towards the hypothesis of ice- 
transport. 
It now remains to say a few words regarding the area between the Sind 
valley and the Tragbal and Gurais road. It will be found from my last paper 
that with the exception of the gneiss in the Sind valley, all the rocks in the 
valley of that river below Gaggangan belong to the silui-ian series; the same 
rocks, with the exception of a few others of carboniferous lime.stone, bound this 
area to the southward along the vale of Kashmir; similar rocks bound this area 
to the north-west on the Gurais road, with the exception of the band of gneiss 
noticed above ; on the north-east the same rocks underlie the limestone series of 
Tilail. It is therefore evident that the area in question is occupied by rocks of 
the Panjal series, which strike right across it, but that the centre of this area 
is penetrated by a mass of gneiss running in from the north-west, which, however, 
does not reach into the Sind valley. On a former occasion I have found this 
gneiss occurring high up in the valley to the east of Kralpim, and on the northern 
flanks of Haramuk (Haramook). It seems therefore evident that this band of 
gneiss dies out somewhere on the noi-th-western side of Haramuk, and that the 
rest of the area consists of the rocks of the Pir Panjal. The area has accordingly 
been colored in on the map, though the boundaries of the gneiss must be only 
regarded as an approximation to the truth. 
A general glance at the map of the north-eastern side of Kashmir, will, 
on the whole, show us that the geological features of the country are very similar 
to those of the Pir Panjal and valley of Kashmir, as treated of in my last paper. 
We there found that the centre of the Panjal range seemed to be an anticlinal 
axis, flanked on the outer side by limestones considered to be of carboniferous 
age, and followed on the inner side by the synclinal axis of the vale of Kashmir 
containing undoubtedly carboniferous rocks. 
Similarly, on the Gurais road, we find an anticlinal axis showing gneiss, 
followed by the synclinal of the Gurais valley, containing cai’boniferous and 
triassic strata again underlaid by silurians to the noi*th-east. 
* Bee. Geol. Surv. India, Vol. XI, p. 60. 
