2(5 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[voL. xii. 
To the south-east of Haramuk, tliis northern anticlinal is not so well marked, 
as no gneiss is shown in the section; while still further to the south-east, as at 
Palgam in the Lidar valley, the anticlinal has quite died out, and is replaced hy 
a local sjuiclinal, in which there rests an outlier of carboniferous strata. 
The S 3 rnclinal in the Silurians at Gurais, containing carboniferous and 
triassic strata, is a well marked featare, extending from the former place to 
Panjtarni and Dras towards the south-east. In many places, however, it 
will ho observed that the original relations of this synclinal have been disturbed 
by faulting, but not to such an extent as to obscure the general features of the 
system. To the north of this great synclinal ellipse, we have another slight 
synclinal containing carboniferous strata in the midst of Silurian rocks. 
It will have been observed in the course of the preceding sections, that 
the slates of the Zoji-la, lying in a synclinal ellipse of the triassic limestones, are 
not represented in the section taken from Tilail to Sonamarg ; the synclinal being 
contracted at this point. It is therefore apparent that these slates must die out 
gradually between the Zoji-la and that point; this has accordingly been so 
represented in the map, though the north-western termination of these Zoji-la 
slates is only approximately represented. 
In concluding this sketch, I wish to add a few words regarding the probable 
age of the strata overlying the silurian series, in the Tilail and Driis districts, and 
their relations to the great limestone series of the valley of Kashmir. I would 
premise that fossils are of extremely rare occurrence in this series, and that 
therefore no precise distinctions as to the age of the different beds can be drawn, 
but only the general homotaxis of the series can be roughly indicated. I have 
already observed in my last paper, that in the fossihferous strata of the more 
eastern Himalaya, the late Dr. Stoliezka found that no distinct devonian 
or permian periods could be determined from the fossil evidence, but that 
strata containing a fauna with a distinct silurian facies were immediately fol¬ 
lowed by other strata containing a fauna with a carboniferous facies, and the 
latter again by a triassic fauna. The absence of a distinct devonian and 
permian period cannot here be explained, on the supposition that during these 
periods the area was dry land, since (unless there be concealed breaks of which 
we have no knowledge) there seems to be an uninterrapted succession of strata; 
and we are therefore driven to conclude that the strata classed by Dr. Stoliezka as 
silurian, carboniferous, and triassic, must be the representatives of the whole of 
the European series from the silurian to the txdassic inclusive; and that the same 
probably holds good in the Kashmir area. 
On these grounds it would not appear surprising, if we were to find a com¬ 
mingling of the fossils of all these different periods, to a certain limited extent; 
and such appears to bo certainly sometimes the case in India, since Dr. Waageni 
has described the occurrence of Ammonites associated with Goniatites in the 
cai-boniferous strata of the Salt Range, clearly showing a blending of the carbo¬ 
niferous and triassic faunas. 
* Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Vol. IX, pt. II. 
